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A mechanistic understanding of their individual and interactive effects on human rotavirus (HRV) and immunity is lacking. In this study, noncolonized, EcN\u2010, LGG\u2010, and EcN + LGG\u2010colonized neonatal gnotobiotic (Gn) pigs were challenged with HRV. EcN colonization is associated with a greater protection against HRV, and induces the highest frequencies of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDCs), significantly increased NK\u2010cell function and decreased frequencies of apoptotic and TLR4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> mononuclear cells (MNCs). Consistent with the highest NK\u2010cell activity, splenic CD172<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> MNCs (DC enriched fraction) of EcN\u2010colonized pigs produced the highest levels of IL\u201012 in vitro. LGG colonization has little effect on the above parameters, which are intermediate in EcN + LGG\u2010colonized pigs, suggesting that probiotics modulate each other's effects. Additionally, in vitro EcN\u2010treated splenic or intestinal MNCs produce higher levels of innate, immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory cytokines, IFN\u2010\u03b1, IL\u201012, and IL\u201010, compared to MNCs of pigs treated with LGG. These results indicate that the EcN\u2010mediated greater protection against HRV is associated with potent stimulation of the innate immune system and activation of the DC\u2010IL\u201012\u2010NK immune axis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,7,26]],"date-time":"2016-07-26T09:16:50Z","timestamp":1469524610000},"page":"2426-2437","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["<i>Escherichia coli<\/i> Nissle 1917 protects gnotobiotic pigs against human rotavirus by modulating pDC and NK\u2010cell responses"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Anastasia N.","family":"Vlasova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Veterinary Preventive Medicine Department Food Animal Health Research Program (FAHRP), The Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center The Ohio State University  Wooster OH 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