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Eosinophils are thought to play a pathogenic role in myocarditis. We investigated the pathways that recruit eosinophils to the heart using a model of eosinophilic myocarditis, in which experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) is induced in IFN\u03b3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    IL\u201017A\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212\/\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice. Two conditions are necessary for efficient eosinophil trafficking to the heart: high eotaxin (CCL11, CCL24) expression in the heart and expression of the eotaxin receptor CCR3 by eosinophils. We identified cardiac fibroblasts as the source of CCL11 in the heart interstitium. CCL24 is produced by F4\/80\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    macrophages localized at inflammatory foci in the heart. Expression of CCL11 and CCL24 is controlled by Th2 cytokines, IL\u20104 and IL\u201013. To determine the relevance of this pathway in humans, we analyzed endomyocardial biopsy samples from myocarditis patients. Expression of CCL11 and CCL26 was significantly increased in eosinophilic myocarditis compared to chronic lymphocytic myocarditis and positively correlated with the number of eosinophils. Thus, eosinophil trafficking to the heart is dependent on the eotaxin\u2010CCR3 pathway in a mouse model of EAM and associated with cardiac eotaxin expression in patients with eosinophilic myocarditis. Blocking this pathway may prevent eosinophil\u2010mediated cardiac damage.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,9,12]],"date-time":"2016-09-12T22:58:21Z","timestamp":1473721101000},"page":"2749-2760","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Macrophages and cardiac fibroblasts are the main producers of eotaxins and regulate eosinophil trafficking to the heart"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"46","author":[{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Diny","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhou","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jobert G.","family":"Barin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guobao","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica V.","family":"Talor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Julie","family":"Schaub","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stuart D.","family":"Russell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine Cardiology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karin","family":"Klingel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Abteilung f\u00fcr Molekulare Pathologie Eberhard Karls Universit\u00e4t T\u00fcbingen  T\u00fcbingen Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Noel R.","family":"Rose","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Pathology Brigham and Women's Hospital Harvard Medical School  Boston MA USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"\u010cih\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. 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