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Here, we report our experience on the study of B\u2010cell functions in infancy and throughout childhood. We show that T\u2010independent stimulation with CpG measures proliferation and differentiation potential of memory B cells. Switched memory B cells respond better than IgM memory B cells. On the other hand, CD40L, a T\u2010dependent stimulus, does not induce plasma cell differentiation, but causes proliferation of na\u00efve and memory B cells. During childhood, the production of plasmablasts in response to CpG increases with age mirroring the development of memory B cells. The response to CD40L does not change with age. In patients with selective IgA deficiency (SIgAD), we observed that switched memory B cells are reduced due to the absence of IgA memory B cells. In agreement, IgA plasma cells are not generated in response to CpG. Unexpectedly, B cells from SIgAD patients show a reduced proliferative response to CD40L. Our results demonstrate that functional tests are an important tool to assess the functions of the humoral immune system.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201646574","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2016,11,1]],"date-time":"2016-11-01T03:29:24Z","timestamp":1477970964000},"page":"131-143","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":66,"title":["B\u2010cell activation with CD40L or CpG measures the function of B\u2010cell subsets and identifies specific defects in immunodeficient patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"47","author":[{"given":"Emiliano","family":"Marasco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCCS  Roma Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Farroni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"B Cell Physiopathology Unit Immunology Research Area Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Ges\u00f9 IRCSS  Roma 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