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This study was performed to characterize VZV\u2010specific T cells from cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and blood of patients with active CNS\u2010disease and to determine whether this may improve differential diagnosis. 27 patients with pleocytosis in the CSF were recruited and classified into three groups (10 VZV\u2010related, 10 non\u2010VZV\u2010related, 7 unclear). VZV\u2010specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were quantified in CSF and blood after simultaneous stimulation with a VZV\u2010antigen lysate and detection of cytokines (IFN\u2010\u03b3, IL\u20102, TNF\u2010\u03b1) and CTLA\u20104. Polyclonal stimulation served as positive control. VZV\u2010specific CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T\u2010cell frequencies were highest in both CSF (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0001) and blood (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.011) of patients with VZV\u2010infection, and were enriched at the site of infection (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.002). While cytokine\u2010expression profiles only showed minor differences between the groups, CTLA\u20104\u2010expression levels on VZV\u2010specific T cells from CSF and blood were significantly increased in VZV\u2010related CNS\u2010infections (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> = 0.0002 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>&lt;0.0001) and clearly identified VZV\u2010related CNS\u2010diseases (100% sensitivity and 100% specificity). Polyclonally stimulated T cells did not show any quantitative and phenotypical differences between the groups. Increased frequency and CTLA\u20104\u2010expression of VZV\u2010specific T cells from CSF or blood are specifically found in patients with VZV\u2010related CNS\u2010infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201747079","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,8,28]],"date-time":"2017-08-28T08:22:52Z","timestamp":1503908572000},"page":"151-160","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["CTLA\u20104\u2010expression on VZV\u2010specific T cells in CSF and blood is specifically increased in patients with VZV related central nervous system infections"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"David","family":"Schub","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathias","family":"Fousse","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Klaus","family":"Fa\u00dfbender","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara C.","family":"G\u00e4rtner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Urban","family":"Sester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine IV Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5482-0002","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martina","family":"Sester","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Schmidt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Transplant and Infection Immunology Saarland University  Homburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2017,9,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11910-013-0374-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/82_2009_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2013.07.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jinf.2015.06.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2004.045336"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2006.090316"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/135245859800400304"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0040431"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.13684"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3862"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/ajt.12689"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017813"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00114810"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1164\/rccm.200904-0557OC"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s15010-008-8089-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_17_1","first-page":"651","article-title":"Rapid diagnosis of Mycobacterium tuberculosis meningitis by enumeration of cerebrospinal fluid antigen\u2010specific T cells","volume":"12","author":"Thomas M. 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