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We identified the pathological GM\u2010CSF\u2010producing cardiac fibroblast subset and the specific deletion of IL\u201017A signaling to these cells attenuated cardiac inflammation and heart failure. We describe here the CD45\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD31\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD29\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    mEF\u2010SK4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    PDGFR\u03b1\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    periostin\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) cardiac fibroblast subset as the main GM\u2010CSF producer in both experimental autoimmune myocarditis and myocardial infarction mouse models. Specific ablation of IL\u201017A signaling to Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    periostin\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cardiac fibroblasts (\n                    <jats:italic>Postn<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>Cre<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>Il17ra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>fl\/fl<\/jats:sup>\n                    ) protected mice from post\u2010infarct heart failure and death. Moreover,\n                    <jats:italic>Postn<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>Cre<\/jats:sup>\n                    <jats:italic>Il17ra<\/jats:italic>\n                    <jats:sup>fl\/fl<\/jats:sup>\n                    mice had significantly fewer GM\u2010CSF\u2010producing Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cardiac fibroblasts and inflammatory Ly6C\n                    <jats:sup>hi<\/jats:sup>\n                    monocytes in the heart. Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cardiac fibroblasts were not only potent GM\u2010CSF producers, but also exhibited plasticity and switched their cytokine production profiles depending on local microenvironments. Moreover, we also found GM\u2010CSF\u2010positive cardiac fibroblasts in cardiac biopsy samples from heart failure patients of myocarditis or ischemic origin. Thus, this is the first identification of a pathological GM\u2010CSF\u2010producing cardiac fibroblast subset in human and mice hearts with myocarditis and ischemic cardiomyopathy. Sca\u20101\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cardiac fibroblasts direct the type of immune cells infiltrating the heart during cardiac inflammation and drive the development of heart failure.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,6,28]],"date-time":"2018-06-28T14:37:56Z","timestamp":1530196676000},"page":"1522-1538","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":53,"title":["Sca\u20101\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    cardiac fibroblasts promote development of heart failure"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"48","author":[{"given":"Guobao","family":"Chen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"William","family":"Bracamonte\u2010Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola L.","family":"Diny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xuezhou","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monica V.","family":"Talor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Fu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giovanni","family":"Davogustto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hernan","family":"Vasquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heinrich","family":"Taegtmeyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine Division of Cardiology McGovern Medical School at The University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston  Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"O. Howard","family":"Frazier","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Texas Heart Institute CHI St. Luke's Health \u2010 Baylor St. Luke's Medical Center  MC 2\u2013114A PO Box 20345 Houston TX USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ari","family":"Waisman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Molecular Medicine University of Mainz  Mainz Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Conway","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wells Center for Pediatric Research Indiana University School of Medicine  Indianapolis IN USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fengyi","family":"Wan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Bloomberg School of Public Health Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"Department of Oncology Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine  Baltimore MD USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"\u010cih\u00e1kov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology School of Medicine Johns Hopkins University  Baltimore MD USA"},{"name":"W. 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