{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T17:36:52Z","timestamp":1785865012786,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]],"date-time":"2021-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1615939200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000854","name":"Human Frontier Science Program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RGP0033\/2015"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RGP0033\/2015"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000854","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Treg cells, which are crucial for maintenance of self\u2010tolerance, mainly develop within the thymus, where they arise from CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    or CD25\n                    <jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Treg cell precursors. Although it is known that infections can cause transient thymic involution, the impact of infection\u2010induced thymus atrophy on thymic Treg (tTreg) cell development is unknown. Here, we infected mice with influenza\u00a0A virus (IAV) and studied thymocyte population dynamics post infection. IAV infection caused a massive, but transient thymic involution, dominated by a loss of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    double\u2010positive (DP) thymocytes, which was accompanied by a significant increase in the frequency of CD25\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    Foxp3\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    tTreg cells. Differential apoptosis susceptibility could be experimentally excluded as a reason for the relative tTreg cell increase, and mathematical modeling suggested that enhanced tTreg cell generation cannot explain the increased frequency of tTreg cells. Yet, an increased death of DP thymocytes and augmented exit of single\u2010positive (SP) thymocytes was suggested to be causative. Interestingly, IAV\u2010induced thymus atrophy resulted in a significantly reduced T\u2010cell receptor (TCR) repertoire diversity of newly produced tTreg cells. Taken together, IAV\u2010induced thymus atrophy is substantially altering the dynamics of major thymocyte populations, finally resulting in a relative increase of tTreg cells with an altered TCR repertoire.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202048981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,2,27]],"date-time":"2021-02-27T02:10:30Z","timestamp":1614391830000},"page":"1166-1181","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Influenza A virus\u2010induced thymus atrophy differentially affects dynamics of conventional and regulatory T\u2010cell development in mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6628-3080","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yassin","family":"Elfaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1345-5015","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Philippe A.","family":"Robert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph","family":"Binz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christine S.","family":"Falk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Transplant Immunology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dunja","family":"Bruder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infection Immunology Group, Institute of Medical Microbiology, Infection Control and Prevention, Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation Otto\u2010von\u2010Guericke University Magdeburg  Magdeburg Germany"},{"name":"Immune Regulation Group Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8789-9578","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Immo","family":"Prinz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Immunology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Floess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4300-2474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Meyer\u2010Hermann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Systems Immunology and Braunschweig Integrated Centre of Systems Biology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Biochemistry Biotechnology and Bioinformatics Technical University Braunschweig  Braunschweig Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8071-1379","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jochen","family":"Huehn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"},{"name":"Cluster of Excellence RESIST (EXC 2155) Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-042718-041717"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-018-0083-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2007.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2013.02.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1402144"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0289-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"95","article-title":"Thymic atrophy in type 2 reovirus infected mice: immunosuppression and effects of thymic hormone. 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