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Follicular regulatory T (Tfr) and follicular helper T (Tfh) cells were T\u2010cell subsets that play important roles in B\u2010cell maturation and antibody production. However, their significances in microscopic polyangiitis (MPA) patients, one type of AAV, has not been thoroughly studied. In this study, comprehensive pattern analyses of circulating Tfr and Tfh were performed in MPA patients and healthy controls (HCs), and we found Tfr levels and Tfr\/Tfh ratios were significantly decreased in MPA patients. Compared with HCs, Helios+, CD45RA\u2010FoxP3hi, and Ki\u201067+ Tfr were lower in MPA patients, while CD226+ Tfr cells were higher. These phenotypes suggest that function and proliferation ability of Tfr cells were relatively impaired. Tfh subsets, including ICOS+PD\u20101+ and Ki\u201067+ Tfh, were significantly increased, suggesting that the function of Tfh was enhanced in MPA although the total Tfh levels did not change significantly. Circulating memory B cells and plasmablasts were significantly elevated and negatively correlated with Tfr levels and Tfr\/Tfh ratios in MPA patients. In addition, Tfr levels and Tfr\/Tfh ratios were negatively while Tfh was positively correlated with serum myeloperoxidase (MPO)\u2010ANCA levels. Furthermore, Tfr and Tfr\/Tfh ratio were also reversely associated with SCr, BUN, IL\u20104, and IL\u201021 levels. Our results suggest that the imbalance of Tfr and Tfh functional subsets is related to increased level of autoantibodies in MPA patients, and we propose a new mechanism for the pathogenesis of MPA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202049093","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,3,25]],"date-time":"2021-03-25T11:52:58Z","timestamp":1616673178000},"page":"1809-1823","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Altered follicular regulatory T (Tfr)\u2010 and helper T (Tfh)\u2010cell subsets are associated with autoantibody levels in microscopic polyangiitis patients"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"51","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1506-4715","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"Long","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Laboratory Peking University People's Hospital  Beijing 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