{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,21]],"date-time":"2026-09-21T18:21:21Z","timestamp":1790014881400,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,12]],"date-time":"2022-05-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652313600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Endemic Burkitt lymphoma (eBL) is characterized by an oncogenic <jats:italic>IGH\/c\u2010MYC<\/jats:italic> translocation and Epstein\u2013Barr virus (EBV) positivity, and is epidemiologically linked to <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> malaria. Both EBV and malaria are thought to contribute to eBL by inducing the expression of activation\u2010induced cytidine deaminase (AID), an enzyme involved in the <jats:italic>IGH\/c\u2010MYC<\/jats:italic> translocation. AID\/apolipoprotein B mRNA editing catalytic polypeptide\u2010like (AID\/APOBEC) family enzymes have recently emerged as potent mutagenic sources in a variety of cancers, but apart from AID, their involvement in eBL and their regulation by EBV and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic> is unknown. Here, we show that upon inoculation with EBV, human B cells strongly upregulate the expression of enzymatically active APOBEC3B and APOBEC3G. In addition, we found significantly increased levels of APOBEC3A in B cells of malaria patients, which correlated with parasite load. Interestingly, despite the fact that APOBEC3A, APOBEC3B, and APOBEC3G caused <jats:italic>c\u2010MYC<\/jats:italic> mutations when overexpressed in HEK293T cells, a mutational enrichment in eBL tumors was only detected in AID motifs. This suggests that even though the EBV\u2010 and <jats:italic>P. falciparum<\/jats:italic>\u2010directed immune response triggers the expression and activity of several AID\/APOBEC members, only the upregulation of AID has oncogenic consequences, while the induction of the APOBEC3 subfamily may primarily have immunoprotective functions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249820","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,3]],"date-time":"2022-05-03T17:19:56Z","timestamp":1651598396000},"page":"1273-1284","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Epstein\u2013Barr virus and malaria upregulate AID and APOBEC3 enzymes, but only\u00a0AID seems to play a major mutagenic role in Burkitt lymphoma"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Andrea M.","family":"Summerauer","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Infectious Diseases and Cancer Research, Children's Research 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