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This could be due to suboptimal mucosal immunity at the site of virus entry, given that all currently approved vaccines are administered via the intramuscular route. In this study, we assessed humoral and cellular immune responses in BALB\/c mice after intranasal and intramuscular immunization with adenoviral vector ChAdOx1\u2010S expressing full\u2010length Spike protein of SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. We showed that both routes of vaccination induced a potent IgG antibody response, as well as robust neutralizing capacity, but intranasal vaccination elicited a superior IgA antibody titer in the sera and in the respiratory mucosa. Bronchoalveolar lavage from intranasally immunized mice efficiently neutralized SARS\u2010CoV\u20102, which has not been the case in intramuscularly immunized group. Moreover, substantially higher percentages of epitope\u2010specific CD8 T cells exhibiting a tissue resident phenotype were found in the lungs of intranasally immunized animals. Finally, both intranasal and intramuscular vaccination with ChAdOx1\u2010S efficiently protected the mice after the challenge with recombinant herpesvirus expressing the Spike protein. Our results demonstrate that intranasal application of adenoviral vector ChAdOx1\u2010S induces superior mucosal immunity and therefore could be a promising strategy for putting the COVID\u201019 pandemic under control.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202249823","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T03:38:07Z","timestamp":1647661087000},"page":"936-945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["ChAdOx1\u2010S adenoviral vector vaccine applied intranasally elicits superior mucosal immunity compared to the intramuscular route of vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"52","author":[{"given":"Maja","family":"Cokari\u0107 Brdov\u010dak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jelena","family":"Materljan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marko","family":"\u0160usti\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanda","family":"Ravli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology University of Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tina","family":"Ru\u017ei\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Berislav","family":"Lisni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karmela","family":"Mikli\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilija","family":"Brizi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Pribani\u0107 Mate\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vanda","family":"Jurani\u0107 Lisni\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Proteomics Faculty of Medicine University of Rijeka  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beata","family":"Halassy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Research and Knowledge Transfer in Biotechnology University of Zagreb  Zagreb Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dobrica","family":"Ron\u010devi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Teaching Institute of Public Health PGC  Rijeka Croatia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zdravka","family":"Kne\u017eevi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"JGL d.d. 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