{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,17]],"date-time":"2026-09-17T02:01:57Z","timestamp":1789610517861,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,10]],"date-time":"2023-10-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1696896000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    <jats:bold>We aimed<\/jats:bold>\n                    to verify whether the immune system may represent a source of potential biomarkers for the stratification of immune\u2010mediated necrotizing myopathies (IMNMs) subtypes. A group of 22 patients diagnosed with IMNM [7 with autoantibodies against signal recognition particle (SRP) and 15 against 3\u2010hydroxy\u20103\u2010methyl\u2010glutaryl\u2010coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR)] and 12 controls were included. A significant preponderance of M1 macrophages was observed in both SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and HMGCR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    muscle samples (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001 in SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0316 for HMGCR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ), with higher values for SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.01). Despite the significant increase observed in the expression of TLR4 and all endosomal Toll\u2010like receptors (TLRs) at protein level in IMNM muscle tissue, only TLR7 has been shown considerably upregulated compared to controls at transcript level (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0026), whereas TLR9 was even decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0223). Within IMNM subgroups, TLR4 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0116) mRNA was significantly increased in SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    compared to HMGCR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    patients. Within IMNM group, only IL\u20107 was differentially expressed between SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and HMGCR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    patients, with higher values in SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    patients (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u00a0=\u00a00.0468). Overall, innate immunity represents a key player in pathological mechanisms of IMNM. TLR4 and the inflammatory cytokine IL\u20107 represent potential immune biomarkers able to differentiate between SRP\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and HMGCR\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    patients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202250326","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,10]],"date-time":"2023-08-10T16:53:05Z","timestamp":1691686385000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Toll\u2010like receptors and IL\u20107 as potential biomarkers for immune\u2010mediated necrotizing myopathies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"53","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4855-3136","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristina","family":"Cappelletti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1365-4508","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaella","family":"Brugnoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8823-6821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Bonanno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Andreetta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franco","family":"Salerno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleonora","family":"Canioni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico Carlo Besta  Milan Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gaetano Nicola Alfio","family":"Vattemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"Tonin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences, Section of Clinical Neurology University of Verona  Verona Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Renato","family":"Mantegazza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"U.O. Neurology IV, Neuroimmunology and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit. 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