{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:14:11Z","timestamp":1789578851482,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1725321600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,11]]},"abstract":"Abstract<\/jats:title>\n \n The characteristic expansion of T CD38\n high<\/jats:sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n lymphocytes observed in hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (HLH) and macrophage activation syndrome (MAS) proved able to distinguish HLH\/MAS from sepsis and systemic juvenile idiopathic arthritis. However, the performance of this marker in differentiating HLH\/MAS from other pediatric febrile conditions with similar clinical onset and yet entirely different treatments remains unexplored. CD38\n high<\/jats:sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n frequencies measured in the peripheral fresh blood of pediatric patients attended for suspicion of HLH\/MAS were retrospectively recorded and clinical characteristics were retrieved. CD38\n high<\/jats:sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n frequencies in HLH\/MAS patients (15 patients; median: 22.0%, IQR: 11.0\u201349.0%) were compared with those who presented febrile conditions other\u2010than\u2010HLH (28 patients; median: 13.0%, IQR: 3.9\u201328.7%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.24). HLH and non\u2010HLH patients were subsequently regrouped based on the presence of an identified infection (22 patients; median: 27.0%, IQR: 15.2\u201072.1%) and compared with those without infections (21 patients; median: 7.6%, IQR: 3.7\u201324.3%;\n p<\/jats:italic>\n = 0.0035). CD38\n high<\/jats:sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n percentages were significantly higher only in the infection group compared with the noninfection one, with a patent pathogen\u2010specific expansion in Epstein\u2013Barr virus primoinfection and visceral leishmaniasis regardless of the presence of HLH. CD38\n high<\/jats:sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/jats:sup>\n CD8\n +<\/jats:sup>\n frequencies do not appear as an HLH\u2010specific marker as they naturally expand in other clinical situations that are common in childhood and may mimic HLH initial presentation.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,9,3]],"date-time":"2024-09-03T16:34:51Z","timestamp":1725381291000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["CD38\n high<\/sup>\n \/HLA\u2010DR\n +<\/sup>\n CD8\n +<\/sup>\n T lymphocytes display pathogen\u2010specific expansion regardless of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Lodi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Immunology Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS Florence 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Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Indolfi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hepatology Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department NEUROFARBA University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gabriele","family":"Simonini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Rheumatology Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS Florence Italy"},{"name":"Department NEUROFARBA University of Florence Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luisa","family":"Galli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Infectious Disease Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS Florence Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chiara","family":"Azzari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Sciences University of Florence Florence Italy"},{"name":"Immunology Unit Meyer Children's Hospital IRCCS Florence 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levels of CD38+ CD8+ T cells in HIV infection add to the prognostic value of low CD4+ T cell levels: results of 6 years of follow\u2010up","volume":"6","author":"Giorgi J. 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