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However, the need for CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help to generate primary CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses is variable depending on the infectious agent or vaccine and yet consistently required for the recall of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell memory responses or antibody responses. Given the deployment of new vaccine platforms such as nucleoside\u2010modified mRNA vaccines, we sought to elucidate the requirement for CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help in the induction of cellular and antibody responses to mRNA and adenovirus (Ad)\u2010vectored vaccines against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Using antibody\u2010mediated depletion of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in a mouse immunization model, we observed that CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help was dispensable for both primary and secondary CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell responses to the BNT162b2 and mRNA\u20101273 mRNA vaccines but required for the AZD1222 Ad\u2010vectored vaccine. Nonetheless, CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help was needed by both mRNA and Ad\u2010vectored vaccine platforms for the generation of antibodies, demonstrating the centrality of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells in vaccine\u2010induced protective immunity against SARS\u2010CoV\u20102. Ultimately, this highlights the shared and distinct regulation of humoral and cellular responses induced by these vaccine platforms.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451142","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,28]],"date-time":"2024-11-28T01:35:01Z","timestamp":1732757701000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Distinct Requirements for CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Cell Help for Immune Responses Induced by mRNA and Adenovirus\u2010Vector SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Vaccines"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-0551-746X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyn","family":"Yong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Translational Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Nuffield Department 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Liver Unit, Nuffield Department of Medicine\u2013Experimental Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Peter Medawar Building for Pathogen Research, Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9694-2216","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicholas M.","family":"Provine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pandemic Sciences Institute Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford UK"},{"name":"Centre for Human Genetics Nuffield Department of Medicine University of Oxford  Oxford 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