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In this study, we investigate the role and origin of natural killer (NK) cells in cirrhosis\u2010associated ascites. Using high\u2010dimensional flow cytometry and cytokine analysis, we analyzed matched peripheral blood and ascites fluid alongside liver and duodenum samples to discern tissue\u2010specific differences. Interestingly, a subset of peritoneal NK cells displayed high expression of the tissue\u2010residency receptor CD103. This subset of CD103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ascites NK cells was distinct from blood, liver, and intestinal NK cells and presented with a less activated phenotype coupled with reduced effector capacity. Investigating their origin, we could identify that cytokines present in ascites, here predominantly IL\u201015 in synergy with IL\u201021 and TGF\u03b2, can induce CD103 expression and that ascites supernatant further facilitates this process. These results indicate that the ascites in patients with decompensated liver cirrhosis harbor a heterogenous subset of CD103\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    NK cells that is likely induced by the cytokine milieu.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451311","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,6,11]],"date-time":"2025-06-11T10:55:48Z","timestamp":1749639348000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Origin of Hypofunctional CD103\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    NK Cells in Cirrhosis\u2010Associated Ascites"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Christian","family":"Niehaus","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, Infectious Diseases and Endocrinology Hannover Medical School  Hannover Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualised Infection Medicine 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