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Following the initial injury, a series of additional events is initiated further damaging the spinal cord. During this secondary injury phase, both an inflammatory and immune modulatory response are triggered that have damaging and anti\u2010inflammatory properties, respectively. The proinflammatory cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) and its receptor CD74 have been extensively studied in traumatic SCI. MIF expression is increased in spinal cord tissue after experimental SCI, mainly in astrocytes and microglia, as well as in the plasma of SCI patients. Functionally, MIF and CD74 were shown to regulate astrocyte viability, proliferation and cholesterol metabolism, microglia migration, and neuronal viability. Moreover, inhibition of the MIF\/CD74 axis improved the functional recovery of SCI animals. We provide a detailed overview of studies analyzing the role of MIF and CD74 in traumatic SCI. We describe results from animal studies, using rat and mouse models for SCI, and human studies. Furthermore, we propose a new path for investigation, focused on B cells, that might lead to a better understanding of how MIF and CD74 contribute to the secondary injury cascade following traumatic SCI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451333","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,4]],"date-time":"2024-11-04T06:15:44Z","timestamp":1730700944000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["The macrophage migration inhibitory factor\/CD74 axis in traumatic spinal cord injury: lessons learned from animal and human studies"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"54","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5841-2142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serina","family":"Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Hasselt 3500 Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veerle","family":"Somers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Hasselt 3500 Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Judith","family":"Fraussen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology and Infection Biomedical Research Institute Hasselt University  Hasselt 3500 Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,11,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","unstructured":"WHO.Spinal Cord Injury. 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