{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,26]],"date-time":"2026-02-26T15:06:39Z","timestamp":1772118399598,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]],"date-time":"2025-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1745193600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":20,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004240","name":"Akademie V\u011bd \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["68378050"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["68378050"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004240","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001824","name":"Grantov\u00e1 Agentura \u010cesk\u00e9 Republiky","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["22\u201021356S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22\u201021356S"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001824","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice are a widely used animal model to study mechanisms leading to autoimmune diabetes. A gluten\u2010free diet reduces and delays the incidence of diabetes in NOD mice, but the underlying mechanisms remain largely unknown. In this study, we performed single\u2010cell transcriptomic and flow cytometry analysis of T cells and innate lymphocytes in the spleen and pancreatic lymph nodes of NOD mice fed a gluten\u2010free or standard diet. We observed that the gluten\u2010free diet did not induce a substantial alteration in the abundance or phenotype of any lymphocyte subset that would directly explain its protective effect against diabetes. However, the gluten\u2010free diet induced subtle changes in the differentiation of subsets with previously proposed protective roles in diabetes development, such as Tregs, activated \u03b3\u03b4T cells, and NKT cells. Globally, the gluten\u2010free diet paradoxically promoted activation and effector differentiation across multiple subpopulations and induced genes regulated by IL\u20102, IL\u20107, and IL\u201015. In contrast, the standard diet induced type I interferon\u2010responsive genes. Overall, the gluten\u2010free diet might prevent diabetes in NOD mice by inducing small\u2010scale changes in multiple cell types rather than acting on a specific lymphocyte subset.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.202451559","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,26]],"date-time":"2025-04-26T02:23:28Z","timestamp":1745634208000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Gluten\u2010Free Diet Induces Small\u2010Scale Changes Across Multiple T\u2010Cell Subsets in NOD Mice"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8768-9039","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Veronika","family":"Niederlova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Juraj","family":"Michalik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4765-4719","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Barbora","family":"Drabonova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"},{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Nutrition and Dietetics, Faculty of Agrobiology, Food and Natural Resources Czech University of Life Sciences Prague  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Radka","family":"Cisarova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8327-6931","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Funda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology Institute of Microbiology v.v.i., Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2735-3311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ondrej","family":"Stepanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Adaptive Immunity Institute of Molecular Genetics of the Czech Academy of Sciences  Prague Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-8587(22)00218-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.immunol.23.021704.115643"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-03552-w"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db19-0831"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-021-00880-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-021-04248-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-023-00985-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/dbi18-0058"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/diabetes.52.4.1052"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s001250051626"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41390-024-03107-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-019-4869-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nature07336"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00404016"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.609"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1520-7560(199909\/10)15:5<323::AID-DMRR53>3.0.CO;2-P"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2022.102795"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2003.09.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000413303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1612"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/dom.13974"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20192362"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s42255-023-00876-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2019743117"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20221920"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2022.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/dmrr.748"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2001028"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.1009198"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2100581"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1320777110"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-3083.2008.02104.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1203502"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2567.2009.03166.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nm0901-1057"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.175.4.2091"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfimm\/iqad006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coi.2013.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41586-023-06816-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0289258"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-022-05805-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20102660"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1043-4666(02)00486-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0033315"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201344264"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nri.2017.111"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a007799"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","first-page":"2024","article-title":"An Imbalance of Na\u00efve and Effector T\u2010cell Phenotypes in Early Type 1 Diabetes Across Conventional and Regulatory Subsets","author":"Niederlova V.","year":"2024","journal-title":"BioRxiv"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0806439105"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.201847498"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.174.3.1196"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00125-017-4377-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2009.08.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1101303"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2017.1364368"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0126311"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/scisignal.aam9563"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db20-0186"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1002630"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-2478(95)00003-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.184.6.2167"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_63_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.176.11.6553"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0094530"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.173.5.3112"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.172.10.5908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2004.05.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2012.08.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms14049"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkac958"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1101\/pdb.top115"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0276-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_73_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.04.048"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.0802535"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1100761"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_76_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0511137103"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Immunology"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/eji.202451559","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,13]],"date-time":"2025-11-13T08:03:30Z","timestamp":1763021010000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/eji.202451559"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"references-count":75,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/eji.202451559"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/eji.202451559","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{"has-review":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v2\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v1\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v3\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v1\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v1\/review2","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v2\/review1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v3\/response1","asserted-by":"object"},{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1002\/EJI.202451559\/v2\/decision1","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["0014-2980","1521-4141"],"issn-type":[{"value":"0014-2980","type":"print"},{"value":"1521-4141","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2024-10-13","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-08","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-04-21","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e202451559"}}