{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,11]],"date-time":"2026-04-11T00:54:44Z","timestamp":1775868884200,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1766102400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":18,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,1]],"date-time":"2025-12-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1764547200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,12]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The efficacy of mRNA\u2010based vaccines to prevent COVID\u201019 in autoimmune patients is controversial due to immunosuppressive therapies. Here, we characterized the T cell responses to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) subjects, who received as few as one or up to seven vaccine injections. The study population had different disease severities and an association with other autoimmune comorbidities. All the subjects studied showed SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 spike\u2010specific CD4+ T helper (Th) cells in circulation, and in most of the subjects, CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    cytotoxic T cells. CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    and CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells were CCR6+, suggesting trafficking to tissues. T cell memory did not correlate with the number of vaccine boosts received. Nonspike\u2010specific T cells were enumerated in subjects who had symptomatic or asymptomatic COVID\u201019. Spike\u2010 and nonspike\u2010specific regulatory T cells (Treg) were detectable in most subjects. CD4\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD8\n                    <jats:sup>\u2212<\/jats:sup>\n                    double\u2010negative (DN) T cells expanded in response to SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 peptides. DN T cells co\u2010cultured with autologous myeloid dendritic cells (DC) differentiated into CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells, depending upon the strength of the stimuli.\u00a0RA subjects responded to mRNA\u2010based vaccination for COVID\u201019 protection, with no correlation with the number of injections. DN T cells differentiated into CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells after stimulation, potentially exacerbating inflammation in RA vaccine recipients.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70105","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]],"date-time":"2025-12-19T14:51:56Z","timestamp":1766155916000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Characterization of the SARS\u2010CoV\u20102\u2010Specific T Cell Responses in Rheumatoid Arthritis Subjects Vaccinated for COVID\u201019 Protection"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"55","author":[{"given":"Jaeyoon","family":"Song","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"da Silva Antunes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego (UCSD)  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mehrnaz Agili","family":"Seyede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Monica","family":"Guma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine, School of Medicine University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Sette","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center For Vaccine Innovation, La Jolla Institute for Immunology (LJI); Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases and Global Public Health University of California San Diego (UCSD)  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alessandra","family":"Franco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine Department of Pediatrics University of California San Diego  La Jolla California USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,12,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_14_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.12.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.05.022"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590\u2010020\u201000816\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra2103726"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1256655"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2024.103325"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.05.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abd3871"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2021.05.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/cpz1.934"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev\u2010immunol\u2010101721\u2010061120"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/08916934.2023.2259133"},{"key":"e_1_2_14_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R.daSilva Antunes V.Fajardo\u2010Rosas andE.Dawen Yu et al. 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