{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,5]],"date-time":"2026-08-05T11:31:38Z","timestamp":1785929498333,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":20,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,7]],"date-time":"2026-01-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767744000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":6,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,1]],"date-time":"2026-01-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1767225600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10430072010007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10430072010007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>After antigen encounter, long\u2010lived antibody\u2010secreting cells (ASC) secrete high\u2010affinity circulating antibodies. In addition, memory B cells (MBC) are quickly reactivated upon antigen re\u2010exposure and predominantly generate shorter\u2010lived ASCs. Studies have suggested that MBC can differentiate into ASCs without recognizing their cognate antigen, a process known as \u201cbystander activation\u201d. This antigen\u2010independent reactivation of MBC could help maintain circulating antibody levels, thereby protecting against future infections. To elucidate whether SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA vaccination leads to bystander activation of B cells, the dynamics of antibody concentrations against six pathogen\u2010specific antigens not encountered during the sampling period were analyzed over time. Deep profiling of antigen\u2010specific B cell responses was simultaneously performed using multiparameter high\u2010dimensional spectral flow cytometry. Antibody concentrations against tetanus toxoid (TT), respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), and influenza hemagglutinin (HA) unexpectedly increased 6 weeks after the first SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 vaccination. Deep profiling of B cell differentiation stages demonstrated a short\u2010term increase in influenza\u2010specific IgG+ DN3 B cells, RSV\u2010specific IgG+ CD11c+ activated B cells, and TT\u2010specific IgG+ MBC following vaccination. In this study, we demonstrated at both the antibody and cellular levels that SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA vaccination transiently activates distinct early activated B cell compartments directed against influenza HA, RSV, and TT.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70127","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,8]],"date-time":"2026-01-08T05:15:44Z","timestamp":1767849344000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA Vaccination Leads to Transient Humoral and B Cell Bystander Responses in Adults"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisan H.","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Y. L.","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Fernandez","family":"Blanco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karlijn","family":"van der Straten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu A. F.","family":"Claireaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie V.","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miranda C.","family":"Dieker\u2010Meijer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tineke","family":"Jorritsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00ebl C.","family":"Duurland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Steenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J. Garcia","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Institute for Immunology and Infectious Diseases  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koos P. 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