{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,22]],"date-time":"2026-08-22T16:44:22Z","timestamp":1787417062172,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"3","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1773273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":11,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,1]],"date-time":"2026-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1772323200000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001826","name":"ZonMw","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["10430072010007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["10430072010007"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001826","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,3]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    In humans, the stages and dynamics of B cell development after antigen encounter remain unclear. Identifying early B cell differentiation stages could reveal biomarkers for humoral immunity and potential targets to prevent unwanted antibody responses. We characterized antigen\u2010specific B cell responses longitudinally after SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 mRNA vaccination using multiparameter spectral flow cytometry. Spike\u2010specific IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD27\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    CD71\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    activated B cells (ActBCs), presumed to be germinal center\u2010derived and IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    DN2 extrafollicular B cells, dominated the early antigen\u2010specific B cell response, while memory B cells were the main population 6 months after vaccination. Within the IgG\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    ActBC compartment, we delineated six novel clusters with specific contraction dynamics. Following the second vaccination, certain ActBC clusters displayed sustained expansion over time, being phenotypically similar to memory B cells, while others strongly expanded and subsequently contracted. Several of the rapidly contracting ActBC clusters expressed CD11c, a defining marker for atypical B cells, suggesting a possible extrafollicular origin of these clusters. The transient presence of heterogeneous ActBC clusters was also observed for total B cells when gated in an antigen\u2010independent manner. Characterization of novel ActBC clusters early after antigen encounter helps delineate and dissect the complexity of B cell differentiation, which is vital for understanding unwanted B cell responses.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70165","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T13:46:02Z","timestamp":1773323162000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Heterogeneous Activated B Cell Compartments Arising Early and Transiently After SARS\u2010CoV\u20102 Vaccination"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3485-1378","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Fernandez Blanco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3009-0943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lisan H.","family":"Kuijper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Y.L.","family":"Kummer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niels J.M.","family":"Verstegen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Am\u00e9lie","family":"Bos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mathieu","family":"Claireaux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam UMC, AMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mari\u00ebl C.","family":"Duurland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tineke","family":"Jorritsma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maurice","family":"Steenhuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gius","family":"Kerster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam UMC, AMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J. Garcia","family":"Vallejo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology Amsterdam UMC, VUmc  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marit J.","family":"van Gils","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology and Infection Prevention Amsterdam UMC, AMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koos P.J.","family":"van Dam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eileen W.","family":"Stalman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luuk","family":"Wieske","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurophysiology St. Antonius Hospital  Nieuwegein the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura","family":"Boekel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gertjan J.","family":"Wolbink","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Reade  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sander W.","family":"Tas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9600-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theo","family":"Rispens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taco W.","family":"Kuijpers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatric Immunology Rheumatology and Infectious Disease, Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Eftimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology and Neurophysiology Amsterdam UMC  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anja ten","family":"Brinke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sanquin Research and Landsteiner Laboratory of the Academic Medical Center University of Amsterdam  Amsterdam the Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S. 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