{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,14]],"date-time":"2026-08-14T06:29:56Z","timestamp":1786688996809,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1781654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,1]],"date-time":"2026-06-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1780272000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Memory inflation (MI) is a distinctive CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell response to chronic cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, characterized by non\u2010contracting, functional populations that are predominantly effector differentiated. Harnessing such responses has received growing attention as a promising vaccination strategy, using spread\u2010defective CMV\u2010vectors. However, many underlying mechanistic aspects of CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    MI responses, including their dependency on CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help, remain unclear. Using a Rag KO transfer model, we demonstrate that CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells enhance effector differentiation of inflationary CD8\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells when present during priming, or when introduced at late timepoints post\u2010infection, indicating a continuous, priming\u2010independent support mechanism. This helper requirement was specific to spread\u2010defective CMV infection, whereas spread\u2010competent virus induced MI even in the absence of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells. We confirmed the importance of continuous support in wild\u2010type mice, where late CD4 depletion attenuated an established MI response. Gene set enrichment analysis implicates IFN\u03b3, TNF, and IL\u20101 signaling as potential mediators of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell support. Our findings clarify CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cell help requirements for maintaining effector populations in MI during chronic antigen exposure. These results have particular relevance for spread\u2010defective CMV\u2010based vaccination strategies and T cell\u2010based therapies in which the persistence and expansion characteristic of MI are desirable qualities.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70225","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T11:21:53Z","timestamp":1781695313000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["The Memory Inflation Response Against Spread\u2010Defective CMV Requires Priming\u2010Independent CD4\n                    <sup>+<\/sup>\n                    T Cell Help"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Jack","family":"Barton","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene TUM School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich (TUM)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yeonsu","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine a Joint Venture of the Medical School Hannover and the Helmholtz Centre For Infection Research  Hannover Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthias T.","family":"Warkotsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute For Medical Microbiology Immunology and Hygiene TUM School of Medicine and Health Technical University of Munich (TUM)  Munich Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luka","family":"Cicin\u2010Sain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Viral Immunology Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research  Braunschweig Germany"},{"name":"Centre for Individualized Infection Medicine a Joint 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