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Development of T cell exhaustion is driven by high viral titers, strong TCR stimulation, and high antigen concentrations associated with strong inflammatory signals. A largely unexplored factor has been the influence of the microbiome in these processes. Here, we report that T cell exhaustion progresses independently of the presence or absence of a microbiome in chronic lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV) infections. Virus\u2010specific CD8 T cells in germ\u2010free mice showed high expression of the inhibitory receptor PD\u20101 and decreased cytokine production. Moreover, their global gene expression patterns, as determined by single\u2010cell sequencing, were similar to those of cells in specific pathogen\u2010free mice. In line with this, we observed similar pathogen loads with and without a microbiome. Thus, our study demonstrates that the microbiome is dispensable for the induction of T cell exhaustion and for the limited virus control seen in chronic LCMV infections.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70238","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T12:52:44Z","timestamp":1787575964000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["A Bacterial Microbiome Is Dispensable for the Induction of CD8 T Cell Exhaustion"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kuhlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Animal Physiology and Immunology School of Life Sciences Weihenstephan and Center for Infection Prevention (ZIP) Technical University of Munich  Freising Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daphne Del Carmen","family":"Kolland","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of 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