{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:01:56Z","timestamp":1790060516100,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":17,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["Hu\u2010Thy\u2010L\u2010ANR\u201021\u2010CE15\u20100008\u201001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Hu\u2010Thy\u2010L\u2010ANR\u201021\u2010CE15\u20100008\u201001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    The thymus generates a diverse and self\u2010tolerant T\u2010cell repertoire. Its development and output undergo profound changes from fetal to early postnatal life, yet the dynamics of this transition remain incompletely understood. Here, we performed a comprehensive analysis of human thymopoiesis across the perinatal (birth to &lt;10 days), early postnatal (10 days\u20133 months), and homeostasis (&gt;3 months) periods using high\u2010dimensional flow cytometry and signal joint T\u2010cell receptor excision circle (sjTREC) quantification. Within the perinatal phase, the thymus exhibits the highest intrathymic production, with elevated frequencies of CD4\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    T cells and unconventional T cell (UTC), including regulatory T cells (Tregs). After 10 days of age, the frequency of double\u2010positive (DP) thymocytes increases and is associated with dynamic thymocyte phenotypic shifts that suggest enhanced progenitor commitment and proliferation, accompanied by reduced T\u2010cell receptor (TCR) signaling strength. Early postnatal UTCs (birth to 3 months) display a distinct phenotype compared with those generated after 3 months. We notably identified a postnatal wave of effector V\u03b42\n                    <jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>\n                    \u03b3\u03b4 T cells emerging between 10 days and 3 months of age. These findings suggest a transition in human thymopoiesis from an early effector\u2010prone unconventional output to predominantly conventional T\u2010cell production after 3 months, highlighting a critical window in immune system establishment.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T07:51:22Z","timestamp":1787039482000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Analysis of Human Thymopoiesis Reveals Rapid Postnatal Remodeling of Thymocytes Within the First 3 Months of Life"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Camille","family":"Kergaravat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM UMR 1342 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jean\u2010Marc","family":"Doisne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Unit Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clarisse","family":"Godard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM UMR 1342 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agata","family":"Cieslak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Onco\u2010H\u00e9matologie, H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP)  Paris France"},{"name":"Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mourad","family":"Amrane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Service De Chirurgie Cardiovasculaire H\u00f4pital Europ\u00e9en Georges Pompidou, AP\u2010HP  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Vermijlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacotherapy and Pharmaceutics Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Immunology (IMI) Universit\u00e9 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB)  Gosselies Belgium"},{"name":"ULB Center for Research in Immunology (U\u2010CRI)  Brussels Belgium"},{"name":"WELBIO Department WEL Research Institute  Wavre Belgium"},{"name":"Metabolism and Nutrition Research Group Louvain Drug Research Institute Universit\u00e9 Catholique De Louvain  Brussels Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vahid","family":"Asnafi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratoire d'Onco\u2010H\u00e9matologie, H\u00f4pital Necker\u2010Enfants Malades Assistance Publique\u2010H\u00f4pitaux de Paris (AP\u2010HP)  Paris France"},{"name":"Institut Necker Enfants Malades (INEM), INSERM U1151 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9, CNRS  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamel","family":"Benlagha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM UMR 1342 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James P. Di","family":"Santo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Innate Immunity Unit Institut Pasteur, INSERM U1223 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emmanuel","family":"Clave","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM UMR 1342 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Antoine","family":"Toubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institut de Recherche Saint Louis, INSERM UMR 1342 Universit\u00e9 Paris Cit\u00e9  Paris 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