{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T07:02:58Z","timestamp":1790060578525,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1786924800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":16,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,1]],"date-time":"2026-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1785542400000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>Diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) often exhibit impaired healing. Macrophage imbalance driven by persistent inflammation is one contributing factor, with a predominance of inflammatory over anti\u2010inflammatory macrophages in non\u2010healing ulcers. Monocytes, precursors of macrophages, are skewed towards an inflammatory phenotype in diabetes. Here, we investigated whether monocyte inflammatory skewing is further exacerbated in individuals with DFUs and explored how it relates to an individual's metabolic (HbA1c and lipids) profile. Monocyte inflammatory profile was assessed by examining phenotypic markers, gene expression, and cytokine production. We observed an elevation in total monocytes and the intermediate subset in the DFU group compared with healthy individuals. In addition, an impaired monocyte profile was seen in the DFU group, with a suppression of both inflammatory (CD86, TLR2, and TLR4) and anti\u2010inflammatory (CD163) markers, accompanied by the downregulation of distinct inflammatory and anti\u2010inflammatory genes. Despite a suppressed phenotype, DFU monocytes showed an increased basal TNF and IFN\u2010\u03b3 production, indicating low\u2010grade inflammation. Further, in exploratory analysis, monocyte CD86 and CD163 inversely correlated with HbA1c, while CD163 negatively correlated with cholesterol\/HDL\u2010C and triglycerides, suggesting links between metabolic control and monocyte phenotype. Taken together, the impaired monocyte profile indicates underlying pathogenic inflammation and monocyte dysfunction in people with DFUs, suggesting the monocyte profile could serve as a potential biomarker for immunomodulation in DFU.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70258","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T06:36:56Z","timestamp":1787035016000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Monocytes Display Altered Inflammatory Profiles in Individuals with Diabetic Foot Ulcers Indicating Monocyte Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Rekha","family":"Marimuthu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Heather J.","family":"Medbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rana","family":"Baraz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mauro","family":"Vicaretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sue\u2010Lynn","family":"Lau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jenny E.","family":"Gunton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Westmead Institute for Medical Research The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stephen","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Chemical Pathology, NSW Health Pathology Westmead Hospital and Institute of Clinical Pathology and Medical Research  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Blacktown\/Mount Druitt Clinical School Blacktown Hospital Western Sydney University  Blacktown Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Helen","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Surgery Vascular Biology Research Centre, Westmead Hospital  Westmead Australia"},{"name":"Sydney Medical School The University of Sydney  Westmead Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","unstructured":"International Diabetes Federation\u2010Diabetic Atlas 10th edition2021."},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40257\u2010019\u201000495\u2010x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1615439"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15420\/ecr.2018.33.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2016.06.028"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db09\u20100287"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","first-page":"74","article-title":"Differing Association of Macrophage Subsets with Atherosclerotic Plaque Stability","volume":"32","author":"Medbury H. 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