{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:54:40Z","timestamp":1791460480380,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1791417600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":7,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790812800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Eur J Immunol"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:p>\n                    Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) is a progressive lung\u2010scarring disease in which epithelial injury, consequent release of alarmins such as interleukin (IL)\u201033, and immune activation contribute to extracellular matrix deposition. The intestinal helminth\n                    <jats:italic>Heligmosomoides polygyrus bakeri<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>Hpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    ) secretes immunomodulators that suppress type 2 immunity, including HpARI2, which binds IL\u201033, and HpBARI_Hom2, which blocks the IL\u201033 receptor ST2. Here, we test this parasite\u2010derived dual blockade strategy in the bleomycin (BLM) mouse model, moving from live\n                    <jats:italic>Hpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection to administration of total\n                    <jats:italic>Hpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    excretory\/secretory products (HES), and finally administering recombinant HpARI2 and HpBARI_Hom2 proteins.\n                    <jats:italic>Hpb<\/jats:italic>\n                    infection and HES treatment prevented BLM\u2010induced lung fibrosis when administered during the early inflammatory phase. Recombinant HpARI2+HpBARI_Hom2 reproduced this protection, reduced collagen deposition and hydroxyproline accumulation, and dampened ILC2, eosinophil, macrophage, and neutrophil responses. In contrast, HES or HpARI2+HpBARI_Hom2 administration failed to reverse established fibrosis when administered later in the model. Similarly, administration of the IL\u201033trap fusion protein could replicate these effects, suppressing fibrosis when administered in the early inflammatory, but not later fibrotic phases of this model. These findings identify parasite\u2010derived inhibition of the IL\u201033 axis as a defined molecular mechanism by which helminth products can prevent early inflammatory fibrogenesis, while also demonstrating that IL\u201033 blockade is unlikely to reverse established lung scarring.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/eji.70291","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T11:16:33Z","timestamp":1791458193000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Parasite\u2010Derived IL\u201033 Inhibitors Prevent Bleomycin\u2010Induced Lung Fibrosis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"56","author":[{"given":"Samuele Di","family":"Carmine","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tania","family":"Frangova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Suzanne H.","family":"Hodge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6080-2679","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danielle J.","family":"Smyth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tera","family":"Birchall","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josh","family":"Richards","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5083-0585","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ian","family":"Newton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah","family":"Kelly","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0511-4821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alice R.","family":"Savage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Cell Signalling and Immunology School of Life Sciences University of Dundee  Dundee UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"E. Suzanne","family":"Cohen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioscience Asthma and Skin Immunity Research and Early Development Respiratory &amp; Immunology BioPharmaceuticals R&amp;D, AstraZeneca  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8135-1958","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J. 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