{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T11:03:54Z","timestamp":1790420634853,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,2]],"date-time":"2017-04-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1491091200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Witten\/Herdecke"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>To date, no German instrument exists to measure pain\u2010related fear in paediatric pain populations. The objective of the current study was to determine the construct validity of the translated German fear of pain questionnaire for children (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFOPQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C) in a sample of children with mixed chronic pain disorders by testing the underlying factor structure, and its psychometric properties.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Method<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>N\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>241 children with mixed chronic pain disorders (aged 8\u201319\u00a0years) presenting to a specialized pain clinic completed the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFOPQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C and several other pain, fear and disability measures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The two\u2010factor structure of the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FOPQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C (fear, avoidance) was replicated. Internal consistency for the shortened German version was good for both subscales (Fear subscale: \u03b1\u00a0=\u00a00.89; avoidance subscale: \u03b1\u00a0=\u00a00.76). As expected, the fear subscale correlated highly with anxiety sensitivity (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.63), pain catastrophizing (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.62) and general anxiety (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.54), while the avoidance subscale was more closely related to disability (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.24) and school functioning (<jats:italic>r\u00a0<\/jats:italic>=<jats:italic>\u00a0<\/jats:italic>0.28). Pain\u2010related fear differed in children with chronic pain depending on their pain location with higher fear ratings in children with abdominal pain and musculoskeletal pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GFOPQ<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010C is a valid instrument that assesses two distinct dimensions of pain\u2010related fear in children: fear and avoidance. Future research is needed to evaluate the impact of increased pain\u2010related fear on outcomes over time as well as to examine pain\u2010related fear among healthy children. This will enhance our knowledge of who might be particularly vulnerable to potentially dysfunctional trajectories, such as ongoing pain or anxiety symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>The current study validates the first tool to assess pain\u2010related fear in German\u2010speaking children with chronic pain. Findings support two distinct domains: fear and activity avoidance.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,4,5]],"date-time":"2017-04-05T06:38:49Z","timestamp":1491374329000},"page":"1224-1233","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Validation of the German fear of pain questionnaire in a sample of children with mixed chronic pain conditions"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"F.","family":"Flack","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"German Paediatric Pain Centre Children's and Adolescent's Hospital Datteln Germany"},{"name":"Department of Children's Pain Therapy and Paediatric Palliative Care Faculty of Health \u2013 School of Medicine Witten\/Herdecke University Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A.L.","family":"Gerlach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Institute of Clinical Psychology and 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