{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,29]],"date-time":"2026-06-29T22:55:49Z","timestamp":1782773749578,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":77,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]],"date-time":"2018-12-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1544400000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005851","name":"Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005851","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>) causes continuous neurological deficits and major sensory\u2010motor impairments. There is no effective treatment to enhance sensory\u2010motor function following<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>. Thus, it is crucial to develop novel therapeutics for this particular patient population. Astaxanthin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>) is a strong antioxidant, anti\u2010inflammatory and anti\u2010apoptotic agent. In the present study, it was tested in a severe compression<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>model with emphasis on sensory\u2010motor outcomes, signalling pathway, along with other complications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>A severe<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>was induced by compression of the rat thoracic spinal cord with an aneurysm clip and treatment with<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>or the vehicle was carried out, 30\u00a0min after injury. Behavioural tests including open field, von Frey, hot plate and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">BBB<\/jats:styled-content>were performed weekly to 28\u00a0days post\u2010injury. Rats were assigned to measure blood glucose, weight and auricle temperature. Western blot and histological analysis also were performed at the same time points.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>decreased mechanical and thermal pain and also improved motor function performance, reduced blood glucose and auricle temperature increases and attenuated weight loss in<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>rats. Western blot analysis showed decreased activation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERK<\/jats:styled-content>1\/2 and increased activation of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKT<\/jats:styled-content>following<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>treatment. The histology results revealed that<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>considerably preserved myelinated white matter and the number of motor neurons following<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, the beneficial effects of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>to improve sensory\u2010motor outcomes, attenuate pathological tissue damage and modulate<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ERK<\/jats:styled-content>and<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AKT<\/jats:styled-content>signalling pathways following<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>, suggest it as a strong therapeutic agent towards clinical applications.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal cord injury (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>) impairs sensory\u2010motor function and causes complications, which astaxanthin (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>) has the potential to be used as a treatment for. The present study investigates the effects of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AST<\/jats:styled-content>in a compression model of<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SCI<\/jats:styled-content>with emphasis on sensory\u2010motor outcomes alongside other complications, histopathological damage and also related signalling pathways.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1342","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2018,11,14]],"date-time":"2018-11-14T16:27:34Z","timestamp":1542212854000},"page":"750-764","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":62,"title":["Effects of astaxanthin on sensory\u2010motor function in a compression model of spinal cord injury: Involvement of<scp>ERK<\/scp>and<scp>AKT<\/scp>signalling pathway"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Sajad","family":"Fakhri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Dargahi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neuroscience Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatemeh","family":"Abbaszadeh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurobiology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Masoumeh","family":"Jorjani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology School of Medicine Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"},{"name":"Neurobiology Research Center Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.braindev.2005.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2165\/00023210-200822060-00002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-006-0007-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.1995.12.1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02483-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1139\/y2012-119"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1964"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1750-3841.2009.01274.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2014.91"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.expneurol.2012.05.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1179\/2045772311Y.0000000001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1310\/sci2102-174"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2018.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.08.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.11.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.sc.3101161"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Franz S. &Finnerup N. B..Diagnostics and Treatment of Pain in Spinal Cord Injury. In: Neurological Aspects of Spinal Cord Injury. Springer;2017; 283\u2010302.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-46293-6_12"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","first-page":"34","article-title":"Tissue changes in patients following spinal cord injury and implications for wheelchair cushions and tissue loading: A literature review","volume":"60","author":"Gefen A.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ostomy Wound Manage"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10790268.2006.11753898"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.31989\/ffhd.v7i8.352"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41393-017-0014-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000436075.98534.27"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pbb.2010.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2016.4507"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2009.11.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2014.08.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2006.09.041"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0409888102"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2008.05743.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2012.05.021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0091-3057(79)90244-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.12.031"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02364-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2017.09.064"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/cns.1984.1.117"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.64.3.557"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_38_1","first-page":"355","article-title":"Astaxanthin, cell membrane nutrient with diverse clinical benefits and anti\u2010aging potential","volume":"16","author":"Kidd P.","year":"2011","journal-title":"Alternative Medicine Review"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200212200-00021"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23881"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules21030382"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2009.1150"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/neu.2010.1296"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2013.12.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2006.116301"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2017.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10811-013-9974-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2017.04.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/1056-8719(94)90087-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2006.8.1775"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"939023","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/939023","article-title":"The animal model of spinal cord injury as an experimental pain model","volume":"2011","author":"Nakae A.","year":"2011","journal-title":"BioMed Research International"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12031-012-9840-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2010.05.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0031-9384(00)00216-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1352458509360362"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2007.10.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2018.03.030"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.08-123281"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_59_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1067\/S1526-5900(03)00781-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_60_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00452-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_61_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S45966"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_62_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2011\/792639"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_63_1","first-page":"139","article-title":"cAMP response\u2010element binding protein participates in the phosphorylated extracellular signal\u2010regulate kinase mediated neuropathic pain","volume":"57","author":"Song X.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Sheng li xue bao:[Acta physiologica Sinica]"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_64_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md10040890"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_65_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.275.16.12200"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_66_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2005.06.023"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_67_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn1955"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_68_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2010.08.100"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_69_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2015.07.034"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_70_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.64"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_71_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1053\/apmr.2001.26068"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_72_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md13095750"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_73_1","first-page":"1796","article-title":"Neuroprotective effect of astaxanthin against rat retinal ganglion cell death under various stresses that induce apoptosis and necrosis","volume":"20","author":"Yamagishi R.","year":"2014","journal-title":"Molecular Vision"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_74_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2016\/4512309"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_75_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1159\/000087657"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_76_1","first-page":"545","article-title":"Activation of p38 mitogen\u2010activated protein kinase in spinal cord contributes to chronic constriction injury\u2010induced neuropathic pain","volume":"57","author":"Zhang F.","year":"2005","journal-title":"Acta Physiologica Sinica\u2010Chinese Edition"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_77_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2015.04.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_78_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2014.2.JNS13730"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejp.1342","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1342","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.1342","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1342","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,12]],"date-time":"2024-07-12T11:08:23Z","timestamp":1720782503000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.1342"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"references-count":77,"journal-issue":{"issue":"4","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,4]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.1342"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1342","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2018,12,10]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-07-24","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-11-08","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2018-12-10","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}