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Previous studies strongly supported the link between pain and negative mood in affected individuals; however, it remains largely unknown in patients with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>We focused on the effects how spontaneous pain, negative mood and hormone levels played on the central nervous system in 34 <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content> women and 33 matched healthy controls across their cycles (periovulatory phase and menstruation phase) by using T1\u2010weighted and functional imaging. Voxel\u2010based morphometry and functional connectivity (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content>) analyses were performed to evaluate brain structural and functional changes. Hormone concentrations (oestradiol, progesterone and cortisol) were also obtained.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abnormal state\u2010related <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">GM<\/jats:styled-content> volume in the amygdala was found between periovulatory and menstruation phases in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content>. Furthermore, larger amygdalar volume was observed in patients\u2019 menstruation phase, which was significantly correlated with higher levels of cortisol. In addition, we found increased amygdala\u2010seeded <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">FC<\/jats:styled-content> in vl<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PFC<\/jats:styled-content>, which may be associated with pain intensity and negative mood in <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content> women during the pain state.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Taken together, we found women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content> had structural and functional abnormalities in the amygdala, which associated with stress hormone levels, pain intensity and negative mood, may reflect disturbed emotional and pain modulation in women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide further evidence of amygdala\u2010related abnormalities, which may be associated with pain\u2010related affective distress and hormonal fluctuations in women with <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content>, and complement the brain mechanism investigations for the pathophysiology of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PDM<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,1,21]],"date-time":"2019-01-21T15:58:14Z","timestamp":1548086294000},"page":"994-1005","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Altered amygdalar volume and functional connectivity in primary dysmenorrhoea during the menstrual cycle"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Ling","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Imaging First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University Xi'an China"},{"name":"Radiology Department Chong Qing General Hospital Chong Qing 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