{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,30]],"date-time":"2026-04-30T07:29:21Z","timestamp":1777534161142,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]],"date-time":"2019-07-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1562112000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The ontogenetic perspective on the development of emotional expressions in infants holds that infants' facial and vocal expressions evolved to serve crucial communicative functions in infancy and contribute to infants' survival. Infants' facial expressions should be contextualized by their own developmental stage rather than presuppositions from verbal populations. The overall aim of this paper was to examine age differences in the temporal patterning of elucidated facial expressions in the first minute following vaccination injections.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>One hundred infants were videotaped longitudinally (2, 4, 6 and 12 months) from 2007\u20132012\u00a0during their routine vaccination appointment over the first year of life and five major negative facial configurations were identified using BabyFACS. In the current study, facial configurations were graphed in 5\u2010s epochs for 1\u2010min post\u2010vaccination and subsequently analysed for facial expression by time effects using Repeated Measures ANOVAs at each age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clear differences in temporal patterns were displayed as infants aged. ANOVA analyses indicated significant facial expression by time interactions at each age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facial expressions illustrating intense\/moderate distress and sensory overload were prominent in the first 15\u00a0s at the 2\u2010, 4\u2010 and 6\u2010month vaccination. However, expressions showing regulation of distress occurred progressively earlier over 1\u00a0min post\u2010needle in older infants, suggesting a significant shift in regulatory capacity of pain\u2010related distress occurs after 6\u2010months of age.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>An important developmental milestone was identified in infants' ability to regulate distress at 6\u00a0months. Supporting parents' infant pain management is particularly critical in the first months of life as infants' initial facial expressions appear to be more reflective of an organism overwhelmed by distress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1436","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2019,6,4]],"date-time":"2019-06-04T11:54:01Z","timestamp":1559649241000},"page":"1596-1607","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Age\u2010related differences in the acute pain facial expression during infancy"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"23","author":[{"given":"Monica C.","family":"O'Neill","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"York University Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sara","family":"Ahola Kohut","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecca","family":"Pillai Riddell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"York University Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Ontario Canada"},{"name":"University of Toronto Toronto Ontario Canada"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Harriet","family":"Oster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"New York University New York New York"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.09.005"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","first-page":"e27","article-title":"Sex differences in infant facial expressions of pain\u2010related and non\u2010pain\u2010related distress","volume":"18","author":"Ahola Kohut S.","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pain Research and Management"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","first-page":"13","volume-title":"Attachment from Infancy to Adulthood: The major longitudinal studies","author":"Bretherton I.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.34.4.616"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","first-page":"153","article-title":"The facial expression of pain: Better than a thousand words?","volume":"1","author":"Craig K. D.","year":"1992","journal-title":"American Pain Society Journal"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","first-page":"67","volume-title":"Neonatal pain and distress","author":"Craig K. D.","year":"1993"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/10001-000"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(87)90073-X"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","volume-title":"The maximally discriminative facial movement coding system (MAX)","author":"Izard C. E.","year":"1979"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.19.3.418"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.23.1.105"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(93)90132-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118219546.ch21"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(97)00034-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.03.036"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","first-page":"320","volume-title":"What the face reveals: Basic and applied studies of spontaneous expression using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS)","author":"Oster H.","year":"1997"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","first-page":"261","volume-title":"Emotional development: Recent research advances","author":"Oster H.","year":"2005"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","volume-title":"Baby FACS: Facial Action coding system for infants and young children","author":"Oster H.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0012-1649.28.6.1115"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-78340-6_3"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.01.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/med\/9780199642656.003.0009"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1467-8624.2009.01378.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2006-1107"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF01319934"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejp.1436","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1436","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.1436","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1436","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,7]],"date-time":"2023-09-07T11:16:24Z","timestamp":1694085384000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.1436"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"references-count":26,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2019,10]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.1436"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1436","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2019,7,3]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2018-08-09","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-05-27","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2019-07-03","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}