{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,24]],"date-time":"2026-03-24T09:16:11Z","timestamp":1774343771499,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]],"date-time":"2020-04-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1586217600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Clinical and experimental evidence advocates a structural and functional link between the vestibular and other sensory systems. For instance, visuo\u2010vestibular and vestibular\u2013somatosensory interactions have been widely reported. However, whether visual inputs carrying vestibular information can modulate pain is not yet clear. Recent evidence using natural vestibular stimulation or moving visual stimuli, points at an unspecific effect of distraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>By using immersive virtual reality (VR), we created a new way to prompt the vestibular system through the vision of static visual cues, studying the possible interaction with pain. Twenty\u2010four healthy participants were visually immersed in a virtual room which could appear with five different degrees of rotation in the sagittal axis, either towards the right, left or with no rotation. Participants' heat pain thresholds and subjective reports of perceived body rotation, sense of presence and attention were measured.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>\u2018Being\u2019 in a tilted room induced the sensation of body rotation in our participants, even though they were always in an upright position. We also found that rotating the visual scenario can modulate the participants' pain thresholds, determining a significant increase when a <jats:italic>left<\/jats:italic> tilt is displayed. In addition,\u00a0a positive correlation between the perceived body midline rotation and pain threshold was\u00a0found\u00a0when the virtual room was titled 15 degrees toward the left. Importantly, all VR conditions were found to be\u00a0equally distractive.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Vestibular information present in static visual cues can modulate experimentally\u2010induced acute pain according to a side\u2010dependent manner and bypassing supramodal attentional mechanisms. These findings may help refining pain management approaches based on multimodal stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study explored how the visualization of\u00a0static environments in immersive virtual reality can lead to pain threshold modulation through the activation of the vestibular system. Immersion into rotated virtual\u00a0environments led to the illusory\u00a0sensation of body rotation, and this sensation was found to be related with\u00a0a modulation\u00a0of pain perception. Possible analgesic effects\u00a0due to distraction\u00a0could be\u00a0ruled out.\u00a0These results expand\u00a0our current knowledge about how the visual, vestibular and somatosensory (pain) systems interact. These findings may influence future pain treatment\u00a0strategies based on multisensory stimulation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1556","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,3,14]],"date-time":"2020-03-14T06:59:04Z","timestamp":1584169144000},"page":"1119-1129","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Pain modulation by illusory body rotation: A new way to disclose the interaction between the vestibular system and pain processing"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Aster","family":"Daniel","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Leon","family":"Barker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Arts and Digital Industries University of East London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Matteo","family":"Martini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Psychology University of East London London UK"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fneur.2019.00117"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3233\/VES\u20102011\u20100428"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1068\/p7618"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1212\/01.wnl.0000182398.14088.e8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/376778a0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1999.tb09193.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749\u20106632.1999.tb09191.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010003\u20101479\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/13.9.994"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010017\u20108453\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI42843"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/nimg.2002.1241"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3758\/BF03193146"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1976.39.5.970"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.1972.35.6.978"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2012.01.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010015\u20104412\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0124573"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00907.2017"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.02.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/pmt\u20102019\u20100019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1745\u20107599.2012.00699.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1990.sp018307"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166\u20102236(97)01211\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brs.2019.10.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304\u20103959(99)00275\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","volume-title":"Theory of probability","author":"Jeffreys H.","year":"1961"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/MAO.0000000000002025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010017\u20108457\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2019.00417"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1163\/22134808\u201000002490"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/TA.0b013e31822192e2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2016.01.009"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0956797611398496"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NRL.0b013e3181942894"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.concog.2016.06.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep13948"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnhum.2013.00438"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532\u20102149.2014.00451.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.12.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/sc.2008.47"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2008.146738"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cortex.2013.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960\u20109822(01)00339\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jns.2015.08.304"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2017.01.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00221\u2010006\u20100574\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21\u201024\u201009896.2001"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/13554790701450446"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0028\u20103932(01)00187\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415\u2010012\u20106536\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0151213"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_54_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0817\u201007.2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_55_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0010\u20109452(13)80078\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_56_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/1357650x.2013.783045"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_57_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1745691611406923"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_58_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/head.13120"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_59_1","first-page":"90","article-title":"Pain during illusory own arm movement: A study in immersive virtual reality","volume":"2","author":"Zanini A.","year":"2017","journal-title":"European Medical Journal"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejp.1556","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1556","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.1556","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1556","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2024,2,3]],"date-time":"2024-02-03T08:15:52Z","timestamp":1706948152000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.1556"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"references-count":58,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.1556"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1556","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,4,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2019-11-10","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-03-02","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-04-07","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}