{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:32:14Z","timestamp":1787506334359,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]],"date-time":"2020-09-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1600732800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objective of this study was to evaluate the psychometric properties of the 17\u2010item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) in youth.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Participants were 264 children and adolescents (58.7% female, <jats:italic>M<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a014.1\u00a0years, <jats:italic>SD<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>age<\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a02.51) scheduled for major surgery who were assessed before surgery, while in hospital postoperatively, and at 6 and 12\u00a0months after surgery. Exploratory factor analyses (EFA) were conducted to determine the factor structure of pre\u2010operative TSK scores. Reliability, and convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity were examined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>EFA on the 17\u2010item TSK revealed a two\u2010factor model distinguishing the 13 positively scored items from the 4 reverse scored items, but the fit was poor. A second EFA was conducted on the 13 positively scored items (TSK\u201013) revealing a three\u2010factor model: Fear of injury, bodily vulnerability, and activity avoidance. The TSK\u201013 showed adequate internal consistency (<jats:italic>\u03a9<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.82) and weak convergent validity. The TSK\u201013 was not correlated with postoperative, in\u2010hospital physical activity (actigraphy; <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> (179)\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.10, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.18) and showed adequate discriminant validity, that is correlations less than 0.70, with measures of depression (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> (225)\u00a0=\u00a00.41, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and general anxiety (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> (224)=0.35, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). Predictive validity for pain\u2010related disability at 12\u00a0months (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic> (70)\u00a0=\u00a00.34, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) was adequate.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>The original TSK\u201017 does not appear to be a meaningful measure of kinesiophobia in youth after surgery possibly because of the syntactic structure of the reverse scored items. In contrast, a modified TSK\u201013, comprised of only the positively scored items, revealed a 3\u2010factor structure that is reliable and demonstrates adequate convergent, discriminant, and predictive validity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Kinesiophobia is an important construct to evaluate in the transition from acute to chronic pain among children and adolescents. The 17 item Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia (TSK) does not show adequate validity or reliability in youth undergoing major surgery, however, the psychometric properties of a 13\u2010item modified scale (TSK\u201013) are promising.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1643","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,8,6]],"date-time":"2020-08-06T23:39:37Z","timestamp":1596757177000},"page":"1999-2014","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Fear of movement in children and adolescents undergoing major surgery: A psychometric evaluation of the Tampa Scale for Kinesiophobia"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"given":"Brittany N.","family":"Rosenbloom","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology York University Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M. Gabrielle","family":"Pag\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre de recherche du Centre hospitalier de l'Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al (CRCHUM) and Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine Faculty of Medicine Universit\u00e9 de Montr\u00e9al Montreal Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Isaac","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fiona","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine Hospital for Sick Children, University of Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer N.","family":"Stinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesia and Pain Medicine, Child Health Evaluative Sciences Research Institute Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Lawrence S Bloomberg Faculty of Nursing University of Toronto Toronto Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Cribbie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology York University Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joel","family":"Katz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology York University Toronto Canada"},{"name":"Department of Psychology Hospital for Sick Children Toronto Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_6_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200005010-00014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2012\/908061"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03288-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_5_1","unstructured":"Bernaards C. &Jennrich R.(2014).GPArotation: Gradient Projection Algorithm Rotation for Factor Analysis. Version 2014.11\u20101. Retrieved from https:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/GPArotation\/GPArotation.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1025"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_7_1","article-title":"Kinesiophobia and chronic pain: Psychometric characteristics and factor analysis of the Tampa Scale","volume":"77","author":"Clark M. E.","year":"1996","journal-title":"American Pain Society Abstract"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(03)00121-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_9_1","volume-title":"Scale development: Theory and applications","author":"DeVellis R. F.","year":"2012"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.143.8.1024"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_11_1","unstructured":"Fox J. Weisberg S. &Price B.(2020).car: Companion to Applied Regression. Version 3.0\u20107. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/car\/index.html."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2006.07.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200403000-00007"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.03.035"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00006842-197905000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_16_1","first-page":"140","volume-title":"Research methods and statistics: A critical thinking approach","author":"Jackson S. L.","year":"2009"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_6_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2015.01.003","article-title":"Establishment of a new pain catastrophizing baseline after pediatric major surgery?","volume":"16","author":"Katz J.","year":"2015","journal-title":"Journal of Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2004.02.576","article-title":"Psychological aspects of persistent pain: Current state of the science","volume":"5","author":"Keefe F. J.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Pain"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_6_19_1","first-page":"35","article-title":"Kinesiophobia: A new view of chronic pain behavior","volume":"3","author":"Kori S. H.","year":"1990","journal-title":"Pain Management"},{"issue":"190","key":"e_1_2_6_20_1","first-page":"e191","article-title":"Day\u2010night activity in hospitalized children after major surgery: An analysis of 2271 hospital days","volume":"209","author":"Kudchadkar S. R.","year":"2019","journal-title":"The Journal of Pediatrics"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0b013e3181de8c2b"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_22_1","unstructured":"Lee I. A. &Preacher K. J.(2013).Calculation for the test of the difference between two dependent correlations with one variable in common. Retrieved from http:\/\/quantpsy.org."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00004583-199704000-00019"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0887-6185(99)00009-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2009.05.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_26_1","article-title":"Remembering the pain of surgery one year later: A longitudinal examination of anxiety in children's pain memory development","author":"Noel M.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pain"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2011.02.053"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/jsq034"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2011.12.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S1352465805002419"},{"issue":"9","key":"e_1_2_6_31_1","first-page":"1625","article-title":"Prediction of activity energy expenditure using accelerometers in children","volume":"36","author":"Puyau M. R.","year":"2004","journal-title":"Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_32_1","volume-title":"R: A language and environment for statistical computing","author":"R Core Team","year":"2014"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_33_1","unstructured":"Revelle R.(2019).psych: Procedures for Psychological Psychometric and Personality Research. Version 1.9.12.31. Retrieved fromhttps:\/\/cran.r\u2010project.org\/web\/packages\/psych\/psych.pdf."},{"key":"e_1_2_6_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3079","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S210594","article-title":"Pediatric chronic postsurgical pain and functional disability: A prospective study of risk factors up to one\u2010year after major surgery","volume":"12","author":"Rosenbloom B. N.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Pain Research"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2013.09.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1207\/s15374424jccp2002_7"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0191-8869(02)00047-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0033-2909.87.2.245"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1054\/math.2002.0484"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0003-9993(03)00132-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(94)00279-N"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00242-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.03.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/jpepsy\/16.1.39"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.11.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_6_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/01942638.2020.1720054"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/api.wiley.com\/onlinelibrary\/tdm\/v1\/articles\/10.1002%2Fejp.1643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1643","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.1643","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1643","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,9,4]],"date-time":"2023-09-04T14:49:53Z","timestamp":1693838993000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.1643"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2020,11]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.1643"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1643","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,22]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-05-14","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-08-01","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2020-09-22","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}