{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T20:30:43Z","timestamp":1791923443378,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]],"date-time":"2020-09-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1601251200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2021,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background and objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic, rapid review aimed to critically appraise and synthesize the recent literature (2014\u20132019) evaluating the incidence and prevalence of post\u2010amputation phantom limb pain (PLP) and sensation (PLS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Databases and data treatment<\/jats:title><jats:p>Five databases (Medline, Embase, Emcare, PsychInfo, Web of Science) and Google Scholar were searched, with two independent reviewers completing eligibility screening, risk of bias assessment and data extraction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The search identified 1,350 studies with 12 cross\u2010sectional and 3 prospective studies included. Studies evaluated traumatic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a05), atraumatic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a04), and combined traumatic\/atraumatic (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a06) amputee populations, ranging from 1\u00a0month to 33\u00a0years post\u2010amputation. Study heterogeneity prevented data pooling. The majority of studies had a high risk of bias, primarily due to limited generalizability. Three studies evaluated PLP incidence, ranging from 2.2% (atraumatic; 1\u00a0month) to 41% (combined; 3\u00a0months) and 82% (combined; 12\u00a0months). Only one study evaluated PLS\/telescoping incidence. Across contrasting populations, PLP point prevalence was between 6.7%\u201388.1%, 1 to 3\u2010month period prevalence was between 49%\u201093.5%, and lifetime prevalence was high at 76%\u201387%. Point prevalence of PLS was 32.4%\u201090%, period prevalence was 65% (1\u00a0month) and 56.9% (3\u00a0months), and lifetime prevalence was 87%. Telescoping was less prevalent, highest among traumatic amputees (24.6%) within a 1\u2010month prevalence period. Variations in population type (e.g. amputation characteristics) and incidence and prevalence measures likely influence the large variability seen here.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>This review found that lifetime prevalence was the highest, with most individuals experiencing some type of phantom phenomena at some point post\u2010amputation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>This systematic rapid review provides a reference for clinicians to make informed prognosis estimates of phantom phenomena for patients undergoing amputation. Results show that most amputees will experience phantom limb pain (PLP) and phantom limb sensations (PLS): high PLP incidence 1\u2010year post\u2010amputation (82%); high lifetime prevalence for PLP (76%\u201387%) and PLS (87%). Approximately 25% of amputees will experience telescoping. Consideration of individual patient characteristics (cause, amputation site, pre\u2010amputation pain) is pertinent given their likely contribution to incidence\/prevalence of phantom phenomena.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1657","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,4]],"date-time":"2020-09-04T03:00:54Z","timestamp":1599188454000},"page":"23-38","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":105,"title":["Prevalence and incidence of phantom limb pain, phantom limb sensations and telescoping in amputees: A systematic rapid review"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anna","family":"Stankevicius","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah B.","family":"Wallwork","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon J.","family":"Summers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute for Sport and Exercise University of Canberra Canberra ACT Australia"},{"name":"Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation Lab Western Sydney University Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brenton","family":"Hordacre","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tasha R.","family":"Stanton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"IIMPACT in Health, Allied Health and Human Performance, University of South Australia Adelaide SA Australia"},{"name":"Neuroscience Research Australia Sydney NSW Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2020,9,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_7_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.12816\/0047632"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4103\/0973-1075.197944"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/jramc-2013-000069"},{"key":"e_1_2_7_5_1","first-page":"CD006380","article-title":"Pharmacologic interventions for treating phantom limb pain","volume":"10","author":"Alviar M. 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