{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T07:25:25Z","timestamp":1773559525960,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"2","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]],"date-time":"2021-11-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1636070400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001801","name":"University of Western Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001801","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001063","name":"Raine Medical Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001063","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001069","name":"Women and Infants Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001069","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001797","name":"Curtin University of Technology","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001797","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001799","name":"Murdoch University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001799","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001800","name":"University of Notre Dame Australia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001800","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001798","name":"Edith Cowan University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001798","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["353514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["353514"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000925","name":"National Health and Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323200"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323200"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000925","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Spinal pain (SP), including neck and back pain, is common and often associated with poor mental health and reduced quality of life of adolescents. Contemporary understanding of SP favours a biopsychosocial approach, and emerging evidence suggests the stronger influence of psychological rather than other factors.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Objectives<\/jats:title><jats:p>We aimed to investigate if experiencing psychological distress in early childhood increases the risk of spinal pain with impact during adolescence.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>1175 adolescents from a prospective cohort study (Raine Study Gen2) were included. Psychological distress was assessed at ages 2, 5, 8 and 10 using Child Behaviour Check List (CBCL). CBCL total and subscale scores (internalizing and externalizing symptoms) were converted to age\u2010standardized scores and dichotomized according to t\u2010scores (&gt;60=high distress). Life\u2010time spinal pain, including low back, mid back, or neck\/shoulder, was measured at age 17. We were interested in adolescent SP with impact (care seeking, medication use, school absenteeism, daily activity interference, leisure activity interference) and defined cases as SP with impact (one or more) or greater impact (two or more) impacts. We investigated the longitudinal associations between childhood psychological distress and adolescent SP using univariate and multivariable logistic regression models.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychological distress in childhood increased the odds of adolescent SP with impact by 33% (OR 1.33; 95% CI 1.01\u20131.76), but not spinal pain with greater impact (OR 1.22; 95% 0.83\u20131.80). Internalizing symptoms were associated with SP with greater impact and externalizing symptoms with SP with impact after adjusting for a range of potential child and family confounders.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Psychological distress in childhood increases the risk of SP with impact in adolescence and may be a promising prevention target.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings provide evidence that psychological distress early in life is an independent risk factor for spinal pain with impact during adolescence. As psychological distress during childhood is potentially modifiable, it may be a promising target for research on the prevention of consequential spinal pain in adolescence. Identifying and addressing psychological distress in children may be an important component of best practice to reduce consequential spinal pain in adolescents.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1878","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,10,25]],"date-time":"2021-10-25T19:59:34Z","timestamp":1635191974000},"page":"522-530","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Psychological distress in early childhood and the risk of adolescent spinal pain with impact"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"26","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4818-7017","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amabile Borges","family":"Dario","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Health Science University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3012-5499","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Steven James","family":"Kamper","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sydney School of Health Science University of Sydney  Sydney Australia"},{"name":"Nepean Blue Mountains Local Health District  Penrith Australia"},{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle  Callaghan Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Williams","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine and Public Health Hunter Medical Research Institute University of Newcastle  Callaghan Australia"},{"name":"Centre for Pain Health and Lifestyle  New Lambton Heights Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7786-4128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Straker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"O\u2019Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"Sch\u00fctze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4667-7389","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Physiotherapy and Exercise Science Curtin University  Perth Australia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","volume-title":"Manual for the Child Behavior Checklist\/4\u201018 and 1991 profile","author":"Achenbach T. M.","year":"1991"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00917246"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1542\/pir.21.8.265"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-021-04002-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2005.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncponc1134"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/acr.22949"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/bul0000110"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/heapro\/dat001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/occmed\/kqm036"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0610362104"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2017.07.780"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","first-page":"1","article-title":"Psychological therapies for the management of chronic and recurrent pain in children and adolescents","volume":"9","author":"Fisher E.","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579412001137"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s004820100030"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000685"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(18)32279-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00431-019-03475-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pubmed\/fdy129"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2017.04.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2018.02.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2018-099878"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2018.01.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cdev.12734"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.berh.2019.02.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-12-100"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapediatrics.2018.0232"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S1090-3801(03)00060-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_30_1","volume-title":"Psychological theories and biopsychosocial models in paediatric pain","author":"Pillai Riddell R.","year":"2013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2458-11-382"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2648.2003.02938.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954579411000241"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2017.7464"},{"issue":"5","key":"e_1_2_10_35_1","first-page":"1384","article-title":"Cohort Profile: The Western Australian Pregnancy Cohort (Raine) Study\u2010Generation 2","volume":"46","author":"Straker L.","year":"2017","journal-title":"International Journal of Epidemiology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-199705150-00013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(02)00008-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000409"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11886-017-0919-x"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000399"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_41_1","volume-title":"Western Australian Child Health Survey; Education, Health and Competence","author":"Zubrick S. R.","year":"1997"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1878","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.1878","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.1878","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,8,28]],"date-time":"2023-08-28T07:59:36Z","timestamp":1693209576000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.1878"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"2","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2022,2]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.1878"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.1878","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,11,5]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2020-09-29","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-10-14","order":1,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2021-11-05","order":2,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}]}}