{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,25]],"date-time":"2026-06-25T20:41:35Z","timestamp":1782420095203,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]],"date-time":"2023-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1687824000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2023,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intramuscular injections of hypertonic saline are commonly used to induce experimental muscle pain, but reliability data on this technique are lacking. This study investigated the intra\u2010 and interindividual reliability of pain measures from a hypertonic saline injection into the vastus lateralis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Fourteen healthy participants (6 female) attended three laboratory visits where they received an intramuscular injection of 1\u2009mL hypertonic saline into the vastus lateralis. Changes in pain intensity were recorded on an electronic visual analogue scale, and pain quality was assessed after pain had resolved. Reliability was assessed with the coefficient of variation (CV), minimum detectable change (MDC) and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) with 95% CIs.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mean pain intensity displayed high levels of intraindividual variability (CV\u2009=\u200916.3 [10.5\u201322.0]%) and \u2018poor\u2019 to \u2018very good\u2019 relative reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.71 [0.45\u20130.88]) but had a MDC of 11 [8\u201316]\u2009au (out of 100). Peak pain intensity exhibited high levels of intraindividual variability (CV\u2009=\u200914.8 [8.8\u201320.8]%) with \u2018moderate\u2019 to \u2018excellent\u2019 levels of relative reliability (ICC\u2009=\u20090.81 [0.62\u20130.92]), whereas the MDC was 18 [14\u201326]\u2009au. Measures of pain quality exhibited good reliability. Interindividual variability in pain measures was high (CV\u2009&gt;\u200937%).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Intramuscular injections of 1\u2009mL of hypertonic saline into the vastus lateralis display substantial levels of interindividual variability, but MDC is below the clinically important changes in pain. This model of experimental pain is suitable for studies involving repeated exposures.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Many pain research studies have performed intramuscular injections of hypertonic saline to investigate responses to muscle pain. However, the reliability of this technique is not well established. We examined the pain response over three repeated sessions of a hypertonic saline injection. The pain induced by hypertonic saline has considerable interindividual variability but has largely acceptable intraindividual reliability. Therefore, the injections of hypertonic saline to induce muscle pain are a reliable model of experimental muscle pain.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,28]],"date-time":"2023-06-28T05:25:18Z","timestamp":1687929918000},"page":"1216-1225","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Intra\u2010 and <scp>interindividual<\/scp> reliability of muscle pain induced by an intramuscular injection of hypertonic saline injection into the quadriceps"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"27","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0833-0878","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Samuel A.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ryan","family":"Norbury","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"},{"name":"Faculty of Sport, Allied Health, and Performance Science St Mary's University  Twickenham UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adam J.","family":"Hunt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6685-5800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexis R.","family":"Mauger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport and Exercise Sciences, University of Kent  Canterbury UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2022.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-015-3212-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3959(95)00115-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12659"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/pme.12665"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/pmrj.12850"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/psyp.13810"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0b013e318154b6ae"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00421-003-1026-9"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00005768-199708000-00004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.math.2004.07.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3109\/11038128.2010.487113"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00620.2003"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(00)00339-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2020-0076"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304-3940(86)90318-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11916-003-0060-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1300\/J094v05n01_04"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00308-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(96)03270-8"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-980X(96)96554-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000294"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2010.10.004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_25_1","first-page":"36","article-title":"Spreadsheets for analysis of validity and reliability","volume":"21","author":"Hopkins W. 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