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In clinical trials, LBP is often poorly categorized into \u2018specific\u2019 versus \u2018non\u2010specific\u2019 and \u2018acute\u2019 versus \u2018chronic\u2019 pain. However, a better understanding of the underlying pain mechanisms might improve study results and reduce the number of NSLBP patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Databases and Data Treatment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Narrative review.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>NSLBP is a multi\u2010dimensional, biopsychosocial condition that requires all contributing dimensions to be assessed and prioritized. Thereby, the assessment of the contribution of nociceptive, neuropathic and nociplastic pain mechanisms forms the basis for personalized management. In addition, psychosocial (e.g. anxiety, catastrophizing) and contextual factors (e.g. work situation) as well as comorbidities need to be assessed and individually weighted. Personalized treatment of NSLBP further requires individually choosing treatment modalities, for example, exercising, patient education, cognitive\u2010behavioural advice, pharmacotherapy, as well as tailoring treatment within these modalities, for example, the delivery of tailored psychological interventions or exercise programs. As the main pain mechanism and psychosocial factors may vary over time, re\u2010assessment is necessary and treatment success should ideally be assessed quantitatively and qualitatively.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The identification of the main contributing pain mechanism and the integration of the patients' view on their condition, including beliefs, preferences, concerns and expectations, are key in the personalized clinical management of NSLBP. In research, particular importance should be placed on accurate characterization of patients and on including outcomes relevant to the individual patient.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Here, a comprehensive review of the challenges associated with the diagnostic label \u2018non\u2010specific low back pain\u2019 is given. It outlines what is lacking in current treatment guidelines and it is summarized what is currently known with respect to individual phenotyping. It becomes clear that more research on clinically meaningful subgroups is needed to best tailor treatment approaches.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2190","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]],"date-time":"2023-10-24T10:30:08Z","timestamp":1698143408000},"page":"181-198","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":47,"title":["Personalized assessment and management of non\u2010specific low back pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"given":"Brigitte","family":"Wirth","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Integrative Spinal Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4837-6595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petra","family":"Schweinhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chiropractic Medicine, Integrative Spinal Research Group, Balgrist University Hospital University of Zurich  Zurich Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,10,24]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2674-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s00586-013-2675-y"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12998-022-00462-0"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.20150345"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2015.00088"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1140"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2011.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12913-017-2311-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140\u20106736(11)60610\u20107"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3153"},{"issue":"6","key":"e_1_2_10_12_1","first-page":"343","article-title":"Medial branch blocks are specific for the diagnosis of cervical zygapophyseal joint pain","volume":"18","author":"Barnsley L.","year":"1993","journal-title":"Regional Anesthesia"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.24017"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/AJP.0000000000000819"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11606-022-07775-z"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2013.04.013"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.l5654"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2021-060326"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3174\/ajnr.A4498"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_20_1","unstructured":"Bundes\u00e4rztekammer Kassen\u00e4rztliche Bundesvereinigung and Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Wissenschaftlichen Medizinischen Fachgesellschaften. 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