{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,7]],"date-time":"2026-11-07T19:33:37Z","timestamp":1794080017645,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":75,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,9]],"date-time":"2023-12-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1702080000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background and Objective<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Among many treatment approaches for chronic low back pain (CLBP), self\u2010management techniques are becoming increasingly important. The aim of this paper was to (a) provide an overview of existing digital self\u2010help interventions for CLBP and (b) examine the effect of these interventions in reducing pain intensity, pain catastrophizing and pain disability.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Databases and Data Treatment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Following the PRISMA guideline, a systematic literature search was conducted in the MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsychInfo, CINAHL and Cochrane databases. We included randomized controlled trials from the last 10\u2009years that examined the impact of digital self\u2010management interventions on at least one of the three outcomes in adult patients with CLBP (duration \u22653\u2009months). The meta\u2010analysis was based on random\u2010effects models. Standardized tools were used to assess the risk of bias (RoB) for each study and the quality of evidence for each outcome.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We included 12 studies (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20091545). A small but robust and statistically significant pooled effect was found on pain intensity (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.24; 95% CI [0.09, 0.40],\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200912) and pain disability (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.43; 95% CI [0.27, 0.59],\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200911). The effect on pain catastrophizing was not significant (\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.38; 95% CI [\u22120.31, 1.06],\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094). The overall effect size including all three outcomes was\n                      <jats:italic>g<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.33 (95% CI [0.21, 0.44],\n                      <jats:italic>k<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200927). The RoB of the included studies was mixed. The quality of evidence was moderate or high.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>In summary, we were able to substantiate recent evidence that digital self\u2010management interventions are effective in the treatment of CLBP. Given the heterogeneity of interventions, further research should aim to investigate which patients benefit most from which approach.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This meta\u2010analysis examines the effect of digital self\u2010management techniques in patients with CLBP. The results add to the evidence that digital interventions can help patients reduce their pain intensity and disability. A minority of studies point towards the possibility that digital interventions can reduce pain catastrophizing. Future research should further explore which patients benefit most from these kinds of interventions.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2221","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,12,10]],"date-time":"2023-12-10T01:19:53Z","timestamp":1702171193000},"page":"532-550","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The effect of self\u2010management techniques on relevant outcomes in chronic low back pain: A systematic review and meta\u2010analysis"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-1975-7613","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-4787-9635","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"P.","family":"Schmigalle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine, Center for Internal Medicine and Dermatology Charit\u00e9 \u2013 Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin  Berlin Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4907-3505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"C. 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