{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T22:42:07Z","timestamp":1792190527694,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":110,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1721001600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic pain involves communication between neural and immune systems. Recent data suggest localization of glial (brain immune cells) activation to the sensorimotor regions of the brain cortex (S1\/M1) in chronic low back pain (LBP). As glia perform diverse functions that impact neural function, activation might contribute to sensorimotor changes, particularly in LBP maintained by increased nervous system sensitivity (i.e., nociplastic pain). This preliminary proof\u2010of\u2010concept study aimed to: (i) compare evidence of neuroinflammatory activation in S1\/M1 between individuals with and without LBP (and between nociceptive and nociplastic LBP phenotypes), and (ii) evaluate relationships between neuroinflammatory activation and sensorimotor function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Simultaneous PET\u2010fMRI measured neuroinflammatory activation in functionally defined S1\/M1 in pain\u2010free individuals (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20098) and individuals with chronic LBP (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20099; nociceptive:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20094, nociplastic:\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20095). Regions of S1\/M1 related to the back were identified using fMRI during motor tasks and thermal stimuli. Sensorimotor measures included single and paired\u2010pulse transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) and quantitative sensory testing (QST). Sleep, depression, disability and pain questionnaires were administered.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Neuroinflammatory activation was greater in the lower back cortical representation of S1\/M1 of the nociplastic LBP group than both nociceptive LBP and pain\u2010free groups. Neuroinflammatory activation in S1\/M1 was positively correlated with sensitivity to hot (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.52) and cold (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.55) pain stimuli, poor sleep, depression, disability and BMI, and negatively correlated with intracortical facilitation (\n                      <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u2009\u22120.41).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This preliminary proof\u2010of\u2010concept study suggests that neuroinflammation in back regions of S1\/M1 in individuals with nociplastic LBP could plausibly explain some characteristic features of this LBP phenotype.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Neuroinflammatory activation localized to sensorimotor areas of the brain in individuals with nociplastic pain might contribute to changes in sensory and motor function and aspects of central sensitization. If cause\u2013effect relationships are established in longitudinal studies, this may direct development of therapies that target neuroinflammatory activation.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2313","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,15]],"date-time":"2024-07-15T09:52:05Z","timestamp":1721037125000},"page":"1607-1626","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Neuroinflammatory activation in sensory and motor regions of the cortex is related to sensorimotor function in individuals with low back pain maintained by nociplastic mechanisms: A preliminary proof\u2010of\u2010concept study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"28","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2064-9467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Muath A.","family":"Shraim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences  St Lucia Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4472-9656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hugo","family":"Mass\u00e9\u2010Alarie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The University of Queensland School of Health &amp; Rehabilitation Sciences  St Lucia Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Centre Interdisciplinaire de Recherche en r\u00e9adaptation et Integration Sociale (CIRRIS) Universit\u00e9 Laval  Qu\u00e9bec City Qu\u00e9bec Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael J.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Monash Biomedical Imaging Monash University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rocco","family":"Cavaleri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Stimulation and Rehabilitation Lab Western Sydney University, School of Health Sciences  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco L.","family":"Loggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MGH\/MIT\/HMS Athinoula A. 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