{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T02:49:10Z","timestamp":1788922150317,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"1","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1733270400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc-nd\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,1]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Opioids in step III of the WHO analgesic ladder are the standard of care for treating cancer pain. However, a significant minority of patients do not benefit from therapy. Genetics might play a role in predisposing patients to a good or poor response to opioids. Here, we investigated this issue by conducting a genome\u2010wide association study (GWAS).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We genotyped 2057 European advanced cancer patients treated with morphine, buprenorphine, fentanyl and oxycodone. We carried out a whole\u2010genome regression model (using REGENIE software) between genotypes and the opioid response phenotype, defined as a numerical score measuring patient pain intensity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The GWAS identified five non\u2010coding variants on chromosome 20 with a\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010value &lt;5.0\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                      <jats:sup>\u22128<\/jats:sup>\n                      . For all of them, the minor allele was associated with lower pain intensity. These variants were intronic to the\n                      <jats:italic>PCMTD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      gene and were 200 kbp downstream of\n                      <jats:italic>OPRL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      , the opioid related nociceptin receptor 1. Notably according to the eQTLGen database, these variants act as expression quantitative trait loci, modulating the expression mainly of\n                      <jats:italic>PCMTD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      but also of\n                      <jats:italic>OPRL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      . Variants in the same chromosomal region were recently reported to be significantly associated with pain intensity in a GWAS conducted in subjects with different chronic pain conditions.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our results support the role of genetics in the opioid response in advanced cancer patients. Further functional analyses are needed to understand the biological mechanism underlying the observed association and lead to the development of individualized pain treatment plans, ultimately improving the quality of life for cancer patients.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      This genome\u2010wide association study on European advanced cancer patients treated with opioids identifies novel regulatory variants on chromosome 20 (near\n                      <jats:italic>PCMTD2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>OPRL1<\/jats:italic>\n                      genes) associated with pain intensity. These findings enhance our understanding of the genetic basis of opioid response, suggesting new potential markers for opioid efficacy. The study is a significant advancement in pharmacogenomics, providing a robust dataset and new insights into the genetic factors influencing pain intensity, which could lead to personalized cancer pain management.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.4764","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,12,4]],"date-time":"2024-12-04T08:45:40Z","timestamp":1733301940000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["A genome\u2010wide association study of European advanced cancer patients treated with opioids identifies regulatory variants on chromosome 20 associated with pain intensity"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3646-3800","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Minnai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Technologies National Research Council  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