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In this study, we investigated whether gonadal hormones modulate the responsiveness to local <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010blocker\u2010induced antinociception in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content> of rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Co\u2010administration of each of the selective <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> (atenolol), <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICI<\/jats:styled-content> 118.551) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<jats:sub>3<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content> (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR59230A<\/jats:styled-content>)\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonists with equi\u2010nociceptive concentrations of formalin in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content> of intact, gonadectomized and hormone\u2010treated gonadectomized male and female rats.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Atenolol, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">ICI<\/jats:styled-content> 118.551 and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">SR59230A<\/jats:styled-content> significantly reduced formalin\u2010induced <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content> nociception in a dose response fashion in all groups tested. However, a lower dose of each <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact and testosterone\u2010treated gonadectomized male rats. In the female groups, a lower dose of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<jats:sub>1<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact or gonadectomized rats treated with progesterone or a high dose of oestradiol; a lower dose of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub><\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> antagonist was sufficient to significantly reduce nociceptive responses in gonadectomized but not in intact and gonadectomized rats treated with low or high dose of oestradiol.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Gonadal hormones may reduce the responsiveness to local <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010blocker\u2010induced antinociception in the <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">TMJ<\/jats:styled-content> of male and female rats. However, their effect depends upon their plasma level, the subtype of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">AR<\/jats:styled-content> and the dose of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">\u03b2<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010blockers used.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.601","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2014,11,3]],"date-time":"2014-11-03T03:05:12Z","timestamp":1414983912000},"page":"772-780","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Gonadal hormones modulate the responsiveness to local <scp>\u03b2<\/scp>\u2010blocker\u2010induced antinociception in the temporomandibular joint of male and female rats"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"N.C.","family":"F\u00e1varo\u2010Moreira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiological Sciences Laboratory of Orofacial Pain Piracicaba Dental School State University of Campinas 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