{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,17]],"date-time":"2026-07-17T23:45:05Z","timestamp":1784331905455,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1424822400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"name":"Pain Relief Foundation, Liverpool"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2015,11]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Both increased mast cells numbers and raised immune mediator concentrations indicate immune activation in the affected skin of patients with early complex regional pain syndrome (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>), but little is known about regional immune cell involvement in late\u2010stage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>. The aim of the current study was to determine skin immune cell populations in long\u2010standing <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Using 6\u2010mm skin punch biopsies from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010affected and non\u2010affected tissues, and a combination of chemical and immunofluorescence staining, we examined the density and function of key cell populations including mast cells, epidermal Langerhans cells (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content>s) and tissue resident T\u2010cells.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found no significant differences in either overall immune cell infiltrates, or mast cell density between <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010affected and non\u2010affected sub\u2010epidermal tissue sections, contrasting recent findings in early <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> by other groups. However, <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CD<\/jats:styled-content>1a<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content> densities in the epidermal layer were significantly decreased in affected compared to non\u2010affected <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> limbs (<jats:italic>p\u00a0<\/jats:italic>&lt;\u00a00.01). T\u2010cell clones isolated from <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010affected sub\u2010epidermal tissues displayed a trend towards increased <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">IL<\/jats:styled-content>\u201013 production in ELISPOT assays when compared to T\u2010cells isolated from non\u2010affected areas, suggesting a Th2 bias.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title><jats:p>Immune cell abnormalities are maintained in late\u2010stage <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">CRPS<\/jats:styled-content> disease as manifest by changes in epidermal <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LC<\/jats:styled-content> density and tissue resident T\u2010cell phenotype.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.685","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,2,25]],"date-time":"2015-02-25T23:34:30Z","timestamp":1424907270000},"page":"1516-1526","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Cutaneous immunopathology of long\u2010standing complex regional pain syndrome"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"19","author":[{"given":"S.","family":"Osborne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Integrative Biology University of Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J.","family":"Farrell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MRC Centre for Drug Safety Science and Institute of Translational Medicine Department of Molecular and Clinical Pharmacology University of Liverpool UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"R.J.","family":"Dearman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Life Sciences University of Manchester 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