{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T04:45:55Z","timestamp":1764477955647,"version":"3.46.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1747872000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Borderline personality disorder (BPD) is characterised by deficient regulation of emotions and is associated with reduced pain sensitivity, which has been related to self\u2010injury and dissociation. BPD can therefore be used as a model to better understand pain\u2010modulating mechanisms and their association with affective processing. However, studies assessing pain\u2010modulating processes in BPD are sparse.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study investigated temporal summation (TS) of pain intensity and unpleasantness, as well as TS of the RIII\u2010reflex as a marker for spinal nociceptive processing in 24 participants with BPD compared to 24 non\u2010clinical controls (NCC).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our main result showed that TS of pain unpleasantness, but not TS of pain intensity, was significantly increased in BPD compared to NCC, whereas we replicated higher pain thresholds in BPD compared to NCC. There was no significant correlation between pain threshold and TS of pain intensity or TS of pain unpleasantness in BPD. Moreover, correlative findings suggest a mutual dependence of spinal processing, temporal summation of pain and stimulus intensity in NCC, but not in participants with BPD.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The combination of reduced pain sensitivity in terms of heightened pain threshold and enhanced TS of pain unpleasantness might explain the so\u2010called pain paradox, describing that individuals with BPD are both hyposensitive to acute pain and more prone to develop chronic pain. Different mechanisms might underlie heightened pain thresholds and increased TS of pain unpleasantness based on a complex interaction of altered ascending and descending mechanisms.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The results of this study provide evidence that temporal summation of pain unpleasantness is increased in individuals with borderline personality disorder compared to non\u2010clinical controls. These data suggest that altered pain perception in BPD is composed of several processes, extending beyond well\u2010known pain insensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70042","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,5,22]],"date-time":"2025-05-22T09:24:35Z","timestamp":1747905875000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Temporal Summation of Pain Unpleasantness Is Increased in Borderline Personality Disorder"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7337-2559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Annette","family":"L\u00f6ffler","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"},{"name":"Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics Uniklinik RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"},{"name":"Scientific Center for Neuropathic Pain Aachen SCN<sup>AACHEN<\/sup> Uniklinik RWTH Aachen  Aachen Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dieter","family":"Kleinb\u00f6hl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sylvia","family":"Steinmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim Heidelberg University  Mannheim Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sabine 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