{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T01:42:36Z","timestamp":1791250956703,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,1]],"date-time":"2025-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1751328000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by-nc\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Chronic low back pain (CLBP) is often provoked by lifting activities, but the relationship between changes in lifting technique and clinical outcomes while undergoing intervention remains unclear. This study examined the within\u2010person relationships between changes in lifting technique and changes in pain and functional limitation in people with lifting\u2010related CLBP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Five participants with lifting\u2010related CLBP completed repeated measures of their lifting techniques, pain and functional limitation across baseline (4\u20136\u2009weeks), intervention (12\u2009weeks) and follow\u2010up periods (3\u2009months). Participants received up to 10 sessions of Cognitive Functional Therapy (CFT) during the intervention period. Wearable sensors measured the spinal and lower extremities' range of motion (ROM) and velocity during a repeated lift task. Pain and functional limitation were assessed via online questionnaires. Within\u2010person relationships were estimated using cross\u2010correlation analyses.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>All participants demonstrated changes in lifting technique throughout the study, though with varied timing and direction. Changes in lifting technique were frequently related to changes in functional limitation (18\/25 relationships, 72%) and sometimes to changes in pain (13\/25 relationships, 52%). When relationships were observed, reductions in pain and functional limitation were predominantly (27\/31 relationships, 87%) associated with a transition along a continuum from squat\u2010like towards semi\u2010squat\u2010like and stoop\u2010like lifting techniques with faster lifting movements.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Within\u2010person changes in lifting technique varied among individuals. Greater trunk ROM and velocity, lower knee ROM and velocity, and faster lifting movements often co\u2010occurred with lower levels of pain and functional limitation. This reflects a transition along a continuum from squat\u2010like towards semi\u2010squat\u2010like and stoop\u2010like lifting techniques.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Our study reveals that changes in lifting technique may relate to clinical improvements in people with lifting\u2010related CLBP on an individual basis. Contrary to conventional clinical and ergonomic advice promoting \u2018safe\u2019 squat lifting techniques, our findings suggest that transition from squat\u2010like towards semi\u2010squat\u2010like and stoop\u2010like lifting techniques with faster lifting movements often corresponds with reductions in pain and functional limitation. These findings challenge pervasive recommendations for squat lifting and support an individualised multi\u2010dimensional approach to managing people with lifting\u2010related CLBP.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70071","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,2]],"date-time":"2025-07-02T00:35:41Z","timestamp":1751416541000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Is Lifting Technique Related to Pain and Functional Limitation? A Replicated Single\u2010Case Design Study of Five People With Lifting\u2010Related Chronic Low Back Pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0633-2113","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivan Pui Hung","family":"Au","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6174-3367","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nic","family":"Saraceni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-4088","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peter","family":"O'Sullivan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Body Logic Physiotherapy  Shenton Park Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9814-0495","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leo","family":"Ng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"},{"name":"Department of Allied Health, School of Health Sciences Swinburne University of Technology  Hawthorn Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6461-6280","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amity","family":"Campbell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Allied Health, Faculty of Health Sciences Curtin University  Bentley Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2018.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0161-4754(99)70127-2"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2014.895390"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/0003-066X.63.2.77"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2018-0056"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2018.12.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brat.2019.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2024.12727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2245"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/papr.13191"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4324\/9780203771587"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gaitpost.2021.11.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2196\/jmir.2227"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3959(99)00101-3"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)00441-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/NPT.0000000000000187"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.39463.418380.BE"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.12.008"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0089"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2017.10.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.2162"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzy022"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2022.10727"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2003.11.016"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00007632-200012150-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0254241"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/00140139.2022.2036819"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/BRS.0000000000001193"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040-3590.7.4.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0145445516676750"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2522\/ptj.2016.96.7.e1"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/09602011.2013.824383"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzae128"},{"issue":"1","key":"e_1_2_11_35_1","first-page":"2299","article-title":"Proper Manual Handling Techniques to Prevent Low Back Pain, a Cochrane Systematic Review","volume":"41","author":"Verbeek J. H.","year":"2012","journal-title":"Work (Reading, Mass.)"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/S0005-7967(99)00174-6"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/00002508-200207000-00006"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2021.769117"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1631"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2020.9635"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/josptcases.2021.10231"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.70071","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,30]],"date-time":"2025-11-30T04:43:49Z","timestamp":1764477829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.70071"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"references-count":40,"journal-issue":{"issue":"6","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.70071"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.70071","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2025,7]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-03-27","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-06-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2025-07-01","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70071"}}