{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:51:04Z","timestamp":1790452264353,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,1]],"date-time":"2025-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1754006400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol in sub\u2010toxic dosages has appeared to slightly reduce experimental pain in psychophysical paradigms. However, this effect may also reflect impaired scaling performance in subjective ratings. To address this, we additionally assessed facial responses as a more direct and cognitively unbiased pain measure, while acknowledging the potential confound of alcohol's effects on motor inhibitory function.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We investigated 41 healthy participants (22 females) in a randomised, double\u2010blind, and placebo\u2010controlled design; targeting two moderate breath\u2010alcohol levels (0.6\u2030, 0.8\u2030). Before and after an alcoholic or placebo drink, painful heat stimuli were applied to the forearm. Facial responses were analysed using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Subjective responses were assessed using a Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). To control for alcohol's effects on motor inhibitory function, participants completed the antisaccade task, which assesses inhibitory control over reflexive motor responses (eye movement).<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>While pain ratings were unaffected, alcohol significantly affected facial responses to pain, with the high alcohol dose leading to increased facial responses. Moreover, alcohol also led to a decrease in inhibitory control, with poorer performance in the antisaccade task. Not surprisingly, we found a significant association between the alcohol\u2010induced increase in facial responses and the alcohol\u2010induced decrease in inhibitory control.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Alcohol\u2010induced motor disinhibition likely enhanced facial responses to pain without altering the subjective pain experience. In consequence, individuals under the influence of alcohol may facially display stronger pain levels (than experienced), which should not be interpreted as intentional exaggeration by clinicians involved in pain assessment.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Subtoxic doses of alcohol are known to produce weak analgesic effects. In contrast, the facial responses to pain were elevated under alcohol in the present study; probably due to an alcohol\u2010induced motor disinhibition. Thus, individuals under the influence of alcohol may be analgized while in parallel being facially overly pain responsive.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70091","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,8,2]],"date-time":"2025-08-02T06:29:07Z","timestamp":1754116147000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Alcohol\u2010Induced Disinhibition of Facial Responses to Pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"29","author":[{"given":"Stefan","family":"Lautenbacher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Psychology Otto\u2010Friedrich University of Bamberg  Bamberg Germany"},{"name":"Medical Psychology and Sociology, Medical Faculty University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Horn\u2010Hofmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Psychology Otto\u2010Friedrich University of Bamberg  Bamberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva Susanne","family":"Capito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiological Psychology Otto\u2010Friedrich University of Bamberg  Bamberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f6rg","family":"Wolstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Psychopathology Otto\u2010Friedrich University of Bamberg  Bamberg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Miriam","family":"Kunz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Psychology and Sociology, Medical Faculty University of Augsburg  Augsburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2025,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_8_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1006\/pmed.2001.0910"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drugalcdep.2023.109830"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1712"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.1961.01710120031004"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2019.01.002"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/PRBM.S146918"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2019-0144"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_9_1","volume-title":"Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioural Sciences","author":"Cohen J.","year":"1988"},{"key":"e_1_2_8_10_1","first-page":"153","volume-title":"Handbook of Pain Assessment","author":"Craig K. 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