{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:24:36Z","timestamp":1787217876384,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1784764800000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The thermal grill illusion (TGI) is a psychophysical phenomenon in which combined heat and cold stimulation evokes an illusory burning or painful heat sensation. Although TGI has potential for sensory assessment, conventional multi\u2010probe apparatuses are often bulky and costly. This cross\u2010sectional observational study conducted an initial psychophysical validation of a novel portable TGI device using two graphene probes.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Fifty\u2010two healthy participants were evaluated using a novel 2\u2010probe device and a previously used 8\u2010probe apparatus. Concurrent validity and agreement were assessed using correlations, intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC), Bland\u2013Altman analysis, and Bayesian equivalence testing for Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) ratings of heat, cold, pain, and discomfort. Sensory\u2010quality profiles were compared using item\u2010level Short Form McGill Pain Questionnaire\u20102 (SF\u2010MPQ\u20102) descriptors. Within\u2010session reliability and measurement precision were evaluated using ICC, standard error of measurement (SEM), and trial\u2010averaging analyses across ten repeated trials.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The 2\u2010probe device showed moderate\u2010to\u2010excellent correspondence with the 8\u2010probe apparatus for VAS ratings. Pain and discomfort ratings were lower with the 2\u2010probe device, but both devices commonly elicited hot\u2010burning sensations. Repeated measurements with the 2\u2010probe device showed improved reliability and reduced measurement error when multiple trials were averaged; averaging four trials provided high reliability for pain ratings.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The portable\u00a02\u2010probe device showed feasible psychophysical performance for inducing and repeatedly assessing TGI sensations under experimental conditions. Further validation with formal control conditions and clinical populations is warranted.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This study provides initial psychophysical validation of a pocket\u2010sized two\u2010probe thermal grill illusion (TGI) device using graphene probes. The device showed moderate\u2010to\u2010excellent correspondence with an eight\u2010probe apparatus, preserved a core hot\u2010burning sensory quality, and improved reliability when multiple trials were averaged. These findings support its feasibility as a compact tool for standardized repeated assessment of TGI sensations under experimental conditions, warranting further validation with formal control conditions and clinical populations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70338","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]],"date-time":"2026-07-23T11:18:12Z","timestamp":1784805492000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Reliability and Validity of a Novel, Portable Thermal Grill Illusion Apparatus Using Two Graphene Probes: An Initial Psychophysical Validation Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-2973","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ryo","family":"Sasaki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Research Center Kio University  Nara Japan"},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science  Tokyo Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michihiro","family":"Osumi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Research Center Kio University  Nara Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science Kio University  Nara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuki","family":"Morikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science Kio University  Nara Japan"},{"name":"Department of Rehabilitation Heisei Memorial Hospital  Nara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shu","family":"Morioka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurorehabilitation Research Center Kio University  Nara Japan"},{"name":"Graduate School of Health Science Kio University  Nara Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_9_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2014.09.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000002749"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00239.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-017-0147-5"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-42288-7"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000275"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2016.07.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1532-2149.2012.00188.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10615806.2025.2534858"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2004.12.014"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000824"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphys.2017.04.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003776"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/science.8023144"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2008.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2024.104732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.adq0261"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.11.017"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25307"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-24635-1"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.11613\/BM.2015.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0282162"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.11.015"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S403387"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jcm.2016.02.012"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/1948550617697177"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/1744-8069-10-18"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2005.03.026"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neucli.2009.06.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0027075"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0017752"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.011"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.msksp.2024.103191"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3171\/2017.5.SPINE1732"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2147\/JPR.S433309"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000003352"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136-017-1765-4"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/a0024377"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain-2021-0020"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/pm\/pnab103"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1934"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000000155"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neulet.2023.137169"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2050-7283-2-22"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_47_1","volume-title":"TRP Ion Channel Function in Sensory Transduction and Cellular Signaling Cascades","author":"Tominaga M.","year":"2007"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/WNR.0000000000001874"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01601.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_9_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1519\/15184.1"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.70338","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.70338","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.70338","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T08:39:41Z","timestamp":1787215181000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.70338"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"references-count":49,"journal-issue":{"issue":"7","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,8]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.70338"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.70338","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,23]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2026-02-22","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-11","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-23","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70338"}}