{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:59:13Z","timestamp":1790150353380,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1787184000000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Purpose<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Personal beliefs about pain, such as pain catastrophizing and fear\u2010avoidance, are believed to influence central pain processing, but their relationship to pain sensitivity in injured runners remains unclear. This study examined whether injured runners exhibit greater pain sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and fear\u2010avoidance beliefs compared to uninjured runners, and explored the extent to which pain catastrophizing and fear\u2010avoidance predict pain sensitivity.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      A total of 235 adult runners (18\u201376\u2009years) who had been running consistently (1\u20133 times\/week for\u2009\u2265\u20093\u2009months) were included. Using scores from the update to the Oslo Sports Trauma Research Center Overuse Injury Questionnaire (OSTRC\u2010O2), participants were categorized as uninjured (score\u2009=\u20090) or injured (score\u2009&gt;\u20090). All participants completed the Pain Sensitivity Questionnaire (PSQ), Pain Catastrophizing Scale (PCS) and Fear\u2010Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire (FABQ). Between\u2010group differences were tested with independent\u2010sample\n                      <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2010tests and adjusted linear regression models, while PSQ predictors were examined using stepwise multivariable regression adjusting for demographic and training covariates.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Injured runners (\n                      <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u200991) reported significantly higher scores across measures of pain sensitivity (PSQ mean difference\u2009=\u20091.1,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001), pain catastrophizing (PCS mean difference\u2009=\u20097.9,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and fear\u2010avoidance beliefs (FABQ mean difference\u2009=\u200915.3,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001). Stepwise regression revealed that greater pain catastrophizing rumination, higher fear\u2010avoidance beliefs and select training characteristics were independent predictors of pain sensitivity (adjusted\n                      <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>\n                      <jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.41,\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injured runners reported higher pain sensitivity, pain catastrophizing and fear\u2010avoidance than uninjured runners. Although catastrophizing rumination and fear\u2010avoidance beliefs were associated with greater pain sensitivity, these cross\u2010sectional findings do not establish causation, and longitudinal studies are needed to determine whether targeting these factors influences running participation limitations.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Injured runners reported meaningfully higher pain sensitivity alongside elevated pain catastrophizing and fear\u2010avoidance beliefs despite similar demographics and training exposure to uninjured runners, highlighting that injury\u2010related pain experience is not explained by running load alone. Pain catastrophizing (rumination) and fear\u2010avoidance independently predicted pain sensitivity, supporting a biopsychosocial model in which cognitive\u2010affective factors uniquely shape the pain experience in runners. These findings identify potentially modifiable targets for clinical screening and rehabilitation (e.g., pain education and graded exposure) to better contextualize symptoms and guide training decisions in injured runners.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70340","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]],"date-time":"2026-08-20T09:19:03Z","timestamp":1787217543000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pain Sensitivity, Pain Catastrophizing and Fear\u2010Avoidance in Adult Runners: Injured vs. Uninjured Comparisons and Multivariable Associations"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-0794-0946","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paloma","family":"Pallante","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Chapman University  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Hooyman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Chapman University  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Sanchez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Chapman University  Irvine California USA"},{"name":"Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science Chapman University  Orange California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susan","family":"Sigward","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Biokinesiology and Physical Therapy University of Southern California  Los Angeles California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emma","family":"Beisheim\u2010Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Extremity Trauma and Amputation Center of Excellence Defense Health Agency  Falls Church Virginia USA"},{"name":"Naval Medical Center San Diego  San Diego California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jo Armour","family":"Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Chapman University  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shawn","family":"Farrokhi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy Chapman University  Irvine California USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_12_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/brs.0000000000003188"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain\u20102020\u20100032"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/2325967120968552"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjsem\u20102024\u2010002413"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010022\u201001739\u20103"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports-2019-101337"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/PHM.0b013e31815b61f1"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/JSM.0000000000000861"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_10_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/ajp.0b013e3182385392"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062\u20106050\u201049.3.75"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2024.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/20494637211028265"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/1062\u20106050\u20100535.19"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11999.0000000000000085"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejpain.2005.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2519\/jospt.2010.3298"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2021.637516"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_19_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/app13179586"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.12346"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10865\u2010006\u20109085\u20100"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.4085\/16\u201020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/23259671241303983"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_24_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0278444"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_25_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ptsp.2021.12.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_26_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsep.33.5.627"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_27_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2018.06.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_28_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546518773755"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_29_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s11136\u2010011\u20100007\u20104"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_30_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381231223475"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_31_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2012.09.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_32_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.603420"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_33_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2020.01908"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_34_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2011.08.006"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_35_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1994"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_36_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/ptj\/pzaf134"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_37_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2009.06.020"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_38_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.02.025"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_39_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/jsr.2018\u20100137"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_40_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/aap.0000000000000007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_41_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1515\/sjpain\u20102017\u20100181"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_42_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1037\/1040\u20103590.7.4.524"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_43_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/10413200008404220"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_44_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2012.03.005"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_45_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpain.2023.12.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_46_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19476035231183256"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_47_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1177\/19417381251359957"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_48_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.1364"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_49_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/01.mss.0001054140.55895.bd"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_50_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/s0304\u20103959(01)00463\u20108"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_51_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/0304\u20103959(93)90127\u2010b"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_52_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.spinee.2014.02.033"},{"key":"e_1_2_12_53_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/j.pain.0000000000001494"}],"container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.70340","content-type":"application\/pdf","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full-xml\/10.1002\/ejp.70340","content-type":"application\/xml","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"text-mining"},{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/pdf\/10.1002\/ejp.70340","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T07:00:07Z","timestamp":1790146807000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/ejp.70340"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"references-count":52,"journal-issue":{"issue":"8","published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,9]]}},"alternative-id":["10.1002\/ejp.70340"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/ejp.70340","archive":["Portico"],"relation":{},"ISSN":["1090-3801","1532-2149"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1090-3801","type":"print"},{"value":"1532-2149","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,20]]},"assertion":[{"value":"2025-11-06","order":0,"name":"received","label":"Received","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-07-17","order":2,"name":"accepted","label":"Accepted","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}},{"value":"2026-08-20","order":3,"name":"published","label":"Published","group":{"name":"publication_history","label":"Publication History"}}],"article-number":"e70340"}}