{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T09:05:07Z","timestamp":1790154307646,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"},{"start":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1790121600000},"content-version":"tdm","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/doi.wiley.com\/10.1002\/tdm_license_1.1"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["onlinelibrary.wiley.com"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2026,10]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>A solid foundation in pain science and evidence\u2010based biopsychosocial approaches is essential for quality pain management. Understanding how health professional students' pain knowledge and attitudes evolve during their studies can guide curriculum development. This study compared pain knowledge and attitudes (a) between first\u2010 and final\u2010year undergraduate students in Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Physiotherapy, and (b) among final\u2010year students across these disciplines.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This cross\u2010sectional, observational study recruited students from six Spanish universities. An online survey, which included the Revised Neurophysiology of Pain Questionnaire (RNPQ) to assess pain knowledge and the Health Care Providers' Pain and Impairment Relationship Scale (HC\u2010PAIRS) to assess pain attitudes and beliefs, was completed by first\u2010 and final\u2010year students.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Seven hundred and fifteen students (527 female, 188 male) completed the survey. Comparisons between first and final year students in each discipline showed that Medical and Physiotherapy students improved their scores in both RNPQ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001) and HC\u2010PAIRS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.026 and\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001 respectively). Pharmacy students only showed improvements in RNPQ (RPNQ:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.001; HC\u2010PAIRS:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.313), while Nursing students showed no differences (RPNQ:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.711; HC\u2010PAIRS:\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009=\u20090.875). Comparisons between disciplines at final year showed that Physiotherapy and Medicine students scored better than Pharmacy and Nursing students in both RNPQ (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05) and HC\u2010PAIRS (\n                      <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                      \u2009&lt;\u20090.05).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Medical and Physiotherapy students seem to achieve higher pain knowledge and more favourable pain attitudes when compared to Pharmacy and Nursing students. Nursing students did not show improvements in either measure. Our findings highlight the need for longitudinal, interprofessional pain education in Spain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Significance Statement<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>This multi\u2010center, cross\u2010sectional observational study with a sample of more than 700 students provides important insight into the level of pain knowledge and attitudes among Medicine, Nursing, Pharmacy and Physiotherapy undergraduate students in Spain. Utilizing validated assessment instruments, it identifies significant discipline\u2010specific and year\u2010level differences, offers meaningful findings on gaps in pain education and implications for curriculum development. The observed discipline\u2010specific disparities underscore the need for longitudinal, interprofessional pain education to equip future health professionals for evidence\u2010based pain management.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.70390","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T08:25:18Z","timestamp":1790151918000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.1002\/crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Pain Knowledge and Attitudes of Health Professional Undergraduate Students in Spain: A Cross\u2010Sectional Observational Study"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"30","author":[{"given":"Frederik Kirkegaard","family":"Kehlet","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Universidad San Pablo\u2010CEU, CEU Universities Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Faculty of Health Sciences UNIE University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mar\u00eda Teresa","family":"Linares\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Universidad San Pablo\u2010CEU, CEU Universities Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Juan J.","family":"Amer\u2010Cuenca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy, School of Health Sciences Universidad Cardenal Herrera\u2010CEU, CEU Universities Valencia Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Josue","family":"Fernandez\u2010Carnero","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Occupational Therapy, Rehabilitation and Physical Medicine Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"},{"name":"Cognitive Neuroscience, Pain, and Rehabilitation Research Group (NECODOR). Faculty of Health Sciences Rey Juan Carlos University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hector","family":"Beltran\u2010Alacreu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pain, Mental Health, Exercise and Technology Research Group (PAIN+MET). Faculty of Physiotherapy and Nursing Universidad de Castilla\u2010 La Mancha"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfredo","family":"S\u00e1nchez\u2010Alberca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Statistics and Applied Maths San Pablo CEU University Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel","family":"Pecos\u2010Mart\u00edn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nursing and Physiotherapy, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences University of Alcal\u00e1 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Spain"},{"name":"Physiotherapy in the Approach to Pain, Telephysiotherapy and Augmented Therapeutic Reality Group University of Alcal\u00e1 Alcal\u00e1 de Henares Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"C\u00e9sar","family":"Calvo\u2010Lobo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Facultad de Enfermer\u00eda, Fisioterapia y Podolog\u00eda Universidad Complutense de Madrid Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"\u00c1ngel Luis","family":"Rodr\u00edguez\u2010Fern\u00e1ndez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Universidad San Pablo\u2010CEU, CEU Universities Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cormac G.","family":"Ryan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Teesside University Middlesbrough UK"},{"name":"The Pain Education Team to Advance Learning (PETAL) Collaboration Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jagjit","family":"Mankelow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Health and Life Sciences Teesside University Middlesbrough UK"},{"name":"The Pain Education Team to Advance Learning (PETAL) Collaboration Adelaide Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3945-8222","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aitor","family":"Mart\u00edn\u2010Pintado\u2010Zugasti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Therapy, Faculty of Medicine Universidad San Pablo\u2010CEU, CEU Universities Madrid Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_11_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-015-1585-y","article-title":"Comparison of Pain Neurophysiology Knowledge Among Health Sciences Students: A Cross\u2010Sectional Study","volume":"8","author":"Adill\u00f3n C.","year":"2015","journal-title":"BMC Res Notes"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178621"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pain.2007.11.010"},{"key":"e_1_2_11_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2018.304747","article-title":"The Global Burden of Musculoskeletal Pain\u2014Where to From Here?","volume":"109","author":"Blyth F. 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