{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T14:36:12Z","timestamp":1790433372935,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1450396800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2016,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      The neuroinflammatory response plays a key role in several pain syndromes. Intravenous (iv) lidocaine is beneficial in acute and chronic pain. This review delineates the current literature concerning\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      mechanisms and\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      efficacy of iv lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in acute and chronic pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Databases and data treatment<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      We searched\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">PUBMED<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      and the Cochrane Library for\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies from July 1975 to August 2014.\n                      <jats:italic>In vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      articles providing an explanation for the mechanisms of action of lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in pain were included. Animal or clinical studies were included concerning iv lidocaine for acute or chronic pain or during inflammation.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Eighty\u2010eight articles regarding iv lidocaine were included: 36\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      studies evaluating the effect on ion channels and receptors; 31 animal studies concerning acute and chronic pain and inflammatory models; 21 clinical studies concerning acute and chronic pain.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Low\u2010dose lidocaine inhibits\n                      <jats:italic>in\u00a0vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                      voltage\u2010gated sodium channels, the glycinergic system, some potassium channels and G\u03b1q\u2010coupled protein receptors. Higher lidocaine concentrations block potassium and calcium channels, and\n                      <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">NMDA<\/jats:styled-content>\n                      receptors. Animal studies demonstrate lidocaine to have analgesic effects in acute and neuropathic pain syndromes and anti\u2010inflammatory effects early in the inflammatory response. Clinical studies demonstrate lidocaine to have advantage in abdominal surgery and in some neuropathic pain syndromes.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Conclusions<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Intravenous lidocaine has analgesic, anti\u2010inflammatory and antihyperalgesic properties mediated by an inhibitory effect on ion channels and receptors. It attenuates the neuroinflammatory response in perioperative pain and chronic neuropathic pain.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.794","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2015,12,18]],"date-time":"2015-12-18T20:13:16Z","timestamp":1450469596000},"page":"655-674","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":119,"title":["The\n                    <i>in\u00a0vitro<\/i>\n                    mechanisms and\n                    <i>in\u00a0vivo<\/i>\n                    efficacy of intravenous lidocaine on the neuroinflammatory response in acute and chronic pain"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"20","author":[{"given":"S.E.I.","family":"van der Wal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Palliative Medicine Radboud University Medical Center (RUMC) Nijmegen The Netherlands"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"S.A.S.","family":"van den 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