{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,10]],"date-time":"2026-04-10T11:10:07Z","timestamp":1775819407277,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"5","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1484870400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/termsAndConditions#vor"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001732","name":"Danmarks Grundforskningsfond","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DNRF121"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DNRF121"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001732","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Pain"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2017,5]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p>Muscle pain may reorganize trunk muscle activity but interactions with exercise\u2010related muscle fatigue and delayed onset muscle soreness (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content>) is to be clarified.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In 19 healthy participants, the trunk muscle activity during 20 multi\u2010directional unpredictable surface perturbations were recorded after bilateral isotonic saline injections (control) and during unilateral and bilateral hypertonic saline\u2010induced low back pain (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LBP<\/jats:styled-content>) in conditions of back muscle fatigue (Day\u20101) and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content> (Day\u20102). Pain intensity and distribution were assessed by visual analogue scale (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VAS<\/jats:styled-content>) scores and pain drawings. The degree of fatigue and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content> were assessed by Likert scale scores. Root\u2010mean\u2010square electromyographic (<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content>) signals were recorded post\u2010perturbation from six bilateral trunk muscles and the difference from baseline conditions (Delta\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content>) was extracted and averaged across abdominal and back muscles.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content>, peak <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">VAS<\/jats:styled-content> scores were higher during bilateral control and bilateral saline\u2010induced pain than fatigue (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and during bilateral compared with unilateral pain (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The saline\u2010induced pain areas were larger during <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content> than fatigue (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.01). In response to surface perturbations during fatigue and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content>, the back muscle Delta\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> increased during bilateral compared with unilateral pain and control injections (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and decreased during unilateral pain compared with control injections (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.04). In <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content> compared with fatigue, the post\u2010perturbation Delta\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> in back muscles was higher during bilateral pain and lower during unilateral pain (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). The abdominal Delta\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">RMS<\/jats:styled-content>\u2010<jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">EMG<\/jats:styled-content> was not significantly affected.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Facilitated and attenuated back muscle responses to surface perturbations in bilateral and unilateral <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">LBP<\/jats:styled-content>, respectively, was more expressed during exercise\u2010induced back muscle soreness compared with fatigue.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Significance<\/jats:title><jats:p>Back muscle activity decreased during unilateral and increased during bilateral pain after unpredictable surface perturbations during muscle fatigue and <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content>. Accumulation effects of <jats:styled-content style=\"fixed-case\">DOMS<\/jats:styled-content> on pain intensity and spreading and trunk muscle activity after pain\u2010induction.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejp.993","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2017,1,20]],"date-time":"2017-01-20T18:07:02Z","timestamp":1484935622000},"page":"907-917","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Pain\u2010evoked trunk muscle activity changes during fatigue and DOMS"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"21","author":[{"given":"L.H.","family":"Larsen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Science and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for Neuroplasticity and Pain (CNAP), SMI Aalborg University Denmark"},{"name":"Department of Physiotherapy University College North Denmark Aalborg Denmark"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"R.P.","family":"Hirata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of 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