{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,18]],"date-time":"2026-07-18T06:40:15Z","timestamp":1784356815991,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":33,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"6","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,8]],"date-time":"2024-04-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1712534400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>To investigate the effect of forced even pacing through virtual pacing assistance and an opponent in a competitive setting on end\u2010spurt behaviour in freestyle swimmers, including related physiological underpinnings. Twenty\u2010seven competitive swimmers and triathletes were recruited. There were four 1500\u00a0m freestyle trials: (i) familiarisation time trial, (ii) self\u2010paced time trial (STT), (iii) head\u2010to\u2010head competition time trial (CTT) and (iv) forced even pacing through virtual pacing assistance time trial (FET). Eventually, 12 swimmers met the criteria for the CTT and FET to be included in the analysis. Changes in end\u2010spurt behaviour, finishing time and physiological parameters (lactate, cortisol, noradrenaline and heart rate) were analysed using a linear mixed model with fixed effects for trials and a random effect for swimmer identity. A separate linear model was computed for competition outcome. The end\u2010spurt for each race was determined by means of an end\u2010spurt indicator (ESI; ESI\u00a0&gt;\u00a00 greater end\u2010spurt). Swimmers demonstrated a significantly greater ESI in FET (+2.6; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and CTT (+1.4; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.022) compared to STT. Blood lactate concentration in FET (+1.0\u00a0mmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) and CTT (+1.6\u00a0mmol\u00a0L<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001) was significantly higher than in STT. Winners had a significantly greater ESI than losers in CTT (+1.6 and <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.005). Swimmers utilised a greater end\u2010spurt through metabolically optimal forced even pacing by virtual pacing assistance and in a head\u2010to\u2010head competition due a larger mobilisation of anaerobic reserves as indicated by greater blood lactate concentrations. Winners had a significantly greater end\u2010spurt than losers despite similar metabolic disturbances.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12102","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,9]],"date-time":"2024-04-09T04:39:42Z","timestamp":1712637582000},"page":"713-720","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["The effect of forced even pacing and an opponent on end\u2010spurt behaviour in freestyle pool swimming"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8914-7460","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joshua E.","family":"Neuloh","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine Saarland University  Saarbr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Venhorst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine Saarland University  Saarbr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sabrina","family":"Skorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine Saarland University  Saarbr\u00fccken Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tim","family":"Meyer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sports and Preventive Medicine Saarland University  Saarbr\u00fccken 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