{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,17]],"date-time":"2026-06-17T03:06:10Z","timestamp":1781665570544,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"7","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717804800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>Sports performance is relatively robust under high levels of binocular blur. However, the limited research studies investigating monocular impairments has shown it has a larger impact on sport performance. This research study is relevant for classification in sports for athletes with vision impairment (VI), where visual acuity (VA) from the better eye is used during classification. Across two experiments, we aimed to establish the point at which binocular and monocular impairments affected performance in a football penalty kick (PK) through simulating varying severities of degraded VA and contrast sensitivity (CS) in active football players. In experiment one, 25 footballers performed PKs as VA and CS were systematically decreased in both eyes, and in one condition, visual field (VF) was reduced. The most severe VA\/CS condition and reduced VF significantly impacted outcome, ball velocity and placement (ball kicked closer to the centre of the goal) (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.05). In experiment two, 29 different footballers performed PKs as VA and CS of only the dominant eye were systematically decreased and in one condition the dominant eye was occluded, and participants viewed their environment through the non\u2010dominant eye (monocular viewing). No differences were observed when assessing monocular impairments influence on outcome, velocity and ball placement. PKs have a high resilience to VI, but binocular impairment has a more immediate effect, suggesting binocular measures should be used in classification processes in football.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]],"date-time":"2024-06-08T09:49:46Z","timestamp":1717840186000},"page":"918-929","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["The effects of simulated monocular and binocular vision impairment on football penalty kick performance"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-0843-1816","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Harrison K.","family":"Leivers","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Center for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCES) Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Center Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter M.","family":"Allen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Center Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew A.","family":"Timmis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Center for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCES) Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franzi","family":"Zenk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cambridge Center for Sport and Exercise Sciences (CCES) Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"},{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Center Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaspreet","family":"Uppal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Vision and Hearing Sciences Research Center Anglia Ruskin University  Cambridge UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0291-9059","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliver R.","family":"Runswick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Psychology Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience King's College  London UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_13_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2016.01731"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_3_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2018.00950"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0b013e318264e85a"},{"issue":"2","key":"e_1_2_13_5_1","first-page":"31","article-title":"Effect of Binocular vs. Monocular Viewing on Golf Putting Accuracy","volume":"20","author":"Bulson R.","year":"2009","journal-title":"Journal of Behavioral Optometry"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/cxo.12267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1475\u20101313.2008.00575.x"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_8_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surg.2015.12.029"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_9_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1201\/b13826-75"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_10_1","volume-title":"2015 Athlete Classification Code","author":"International Paralympic Committee","year":"2015"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_11_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychsport.2021.101941"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_12_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2020.1851899"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_13_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1097\/opx.0000000000001735"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_14_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1525\/collabra.33267"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_15_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.10\u20105549"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_16_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2010.02.007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_17_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humov.2006.12.003"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_18_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s40279\u2010018\u20100949\u20106"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_19_1","volume-title":"Binocular Vision Development, Depth Perception, and Disorders","author":"McCoun J.","year":"2010"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_20_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fspor.2022.965195"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_21_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2023.2273093"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_22_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/02640414.2021.1881301"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_23_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1123\/tsp.2014\u20100007"},{"key":"e_1_2_13_24_1","unstructured":"The F.A.2012.Small\u2010Sided Football. 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