{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T13:59:47Z","timestamp":1792159187763,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718409600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009064","name":"Australian Institute of Sport","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009064","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000990","name":"Australian Catholic University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000990","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2024,8]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>Abstract<\/jats:title><jats:p>We examined performance across one menstrual cycle (MC) and 3\u00a0weeks of hormonal contraceptives (HC) use to identify whether known fluctuations in estrogen and progesterone\/progestin are associated with functional performance changes. National Rugby League Indigenous Women's Academy athletes [<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a011 naturally menstruating (NM), <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a013 using HC] completed performance tests [countermovement jump (CMJ), squat jump (SJ), isometric mid\u2010thigh pull, 20\u00a0m sprint, power pass and Stroop test] during three phases of a MC or three weeks of HC usage, confirmed through ovulation tests alongside serum estrogen and progesterone concentrations. MC phase or HC use did not influence jump height, peak force, sprint time, distance thrown or Stroop effect. However, there were small variations in kinetic and kinematic CMJ\/SJ outputs. NM athletes produced greater mean concentric power in MC phase four than one [+0.41\u00a0W\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup> (+16.8%), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021] during the CMJ, alongside greater impulse at 50\u00a0ms at phase one than four [+1.7\u00a0N\u00b7s (+4.7%), <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.031] during the SJ, without differences between tests for HC users. Among NM athletes, estradiol negatively correlated with mean velocity and power (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.44 to \u22120.50, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.047), progesterone positively correlated with contraction time (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.045), and both negatively correlated with the rate of force development and impulse (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a0\u22120.45 to \u22120.64, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.043) during the SJ. During the CMJ, estradiol positively correlated to 200\u00a0ms impulse (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.45, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.049) and progesterone to mean power (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.51, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u00a0=\u00a00.021). Evidence of changes in testing performance across a MC, or during active HC use, is insufficient to justify \u201cphase\u2010based testing\u201d; however, kinetic or kinematic outputs may be altered in NM athletes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12151","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]],"date-time":"2024-06-15T11:53:45Z","timestamp":1718452425000},"page":"1067-1078","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Minimal influence of the menstrual cycle or hormonal contraceptives on performance in female rugby league athletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"24","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4876-0220","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ella S.","family":"Smith","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonathon","family":"Weakley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sports Performance, Recovery, Injury and New Technologies (SPRINT) Research Centre Australian Catholic University  Brisbane Queensland Australia"},{"name":"Carnegie Applied Rugby Research (CARR) Centre Carnegie School of Sport  Leeds UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alannah K. A.","family":"McKay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"McCormick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolin","family":"Tee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Megan A.","family":"Kuikman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Harris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Female Performance and Health Initiative Australian Institute of Sport  Canberra Australian Capital Territory Australia"},{"name":"Perth Orthopaedic and Sports Medicine Research Institute  West Perth Western Australia Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Clare","family":"Minahan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Griffith Sport Science Griffith University  Gold Coast Queensland Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Simon","family":"Buxton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rugby League  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica","family":"Skinner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Rugby League  Sydney New South Wales Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathryn E.","family":"Ackerman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Wu Tsai Female Athlete Program Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School  Boston Massachusetts USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirsty J.","family":"Elliott\u2010Sale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences Institute of Sport Manchester Metropolitan University  Manchester UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Trent","family":"Stellingwerff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Canadian Sport Institute\u2010Pacific  Victoria British Columbia Canada"},{"name":"Exercise Science Physical and Health Education University of Victoria  Victoria British Columbia Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Louise M.","family":"Burke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Mary MacKillop Institute for Health Research Australian Catholic University  Melbourne Victoria Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"311","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"e_1_2_10_2_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.01041.2018"},{"issue":"47","key":"e_1_2_10_3_1","first-page":"41","article-title":"Cognitive Performance across the Menstrual Cycle","volume":"4","author":"Barel E.","year":"2019","journal-title":"Journal of Cognitive Psychology"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_4_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yfrne.2008.02.001"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_5_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1136\/bjsports\u20102016\u2010096279"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_6_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/sms.13041"},{"key":"e_1_2_10_7_1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1249\/mss.0000000000002961"},{"issue":"4","key":"e_1_2_10_8_1","first-page":"532","article-title":"Variations in Performance in Simple Muscle Tests at Different Phases of the Menstrual\u2010Cycle","volume":"31","author":"Davies B. 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