{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,9]],"date-time":"2026-07-09T03:40:11Z","timestamp":1783568411850,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Wiley","issue":"4","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,19]],"date-time":"2025-03-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1742342400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"http:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["European Journal of Sport Science"],"published-print":{"date-parts":[[2025,4]]},"abstract":"<jats:title>ABSTRACT<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aimed to investigate sex differences in double poling (DP) ergometer performance among youth elite cross\u2010country skiers and biathletes and determine if these sex differences may be explained by upper\u2010body strength and endurance capacities. Thirteen female and nine male youth elite cross\u2010country skiers and biathletes (age: 16.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a01.7\u00a0years; VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>: 60.7\u00a0\u00b1\u00a06.3\u00a0mL\u00b7kg<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>\u00a0min<jats:sup>\u22121<\/jats:sup>), matched for relative performance, completed a test battery evaluating upper\u2010body strength and power along with various endurance parameters on a DP ergometer. Testing included one\u2010repetition maximum (1RM) in upper\u2010body exercises, maximal oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>) running test, and DP ergometer incremental test to exhaustion and sprint tests to determine peak oxygen uptake (VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\u2010DP), maximal lactate accumulation rate (<jats:italic>v<\/jats:italic>La<jats:sub>max<\/jats:sub>), and power. Body mass and body composition were measured using bioelectrical impedance analysis. The findings demonstrated that the absolute differences in maximal strength, peak, and mean DP power outputs from both sprint and incremental tests to exhaustion (29%\u201338% difference), as well as maximal and peak oxygen uptake (29%\u201331%) between male and female athletes, were considerably reduced (2%\u201312%) following normalization to fat\u2010free mass (FFM). Correlations of absolute and FFM normalized VO<jats:sub>2max<\/jats:sub>, VO<jats:sub>2peak<\/jats:sub>\u2010DP with peak and mean power output from both sprint and incremental test to exhaustion during DP ergometry were significant (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>xy<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.69\u20130.87) and remained consistent after correction for sex (<jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>xy\u2010z<\/jats:italic><\/jats:sub>\u00a0=\u00a00.61\u20130.84). These findings suggest that sex performance differences are primarily attributable to absolute differences in maximal aerobic power, maximal strength, and FFM.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.1002\/ejsc.12253","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2025,3,20]],"date-time":"2025-03-20T00:28:46Z","timestamp":1742430526000},"source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Sex Differences in Double Poling Performance: The Role of Upper\u2010Body Strength and Endurance in Youth Elite Cross\u2010Country Skiers and Biathletes"],"prefix":"10.1002","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-7879-1287","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carl\u2010Maximilian","family":"Wagner","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exercise, Sport and Health Leuphana University L\u00fcneburg  L\u00fcneburg Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8681-8521","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"John Owen","family":"Osborne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science UiT The Artic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"},{"name":"Sunshine Coast Hospital and Health Service  Birtinya Australia"},{"name":"School of Health University of the Sunshine Coast  Sippy Downs Australia"},{"name":"School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences Queensland University of Technology  Brisbane Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9014-5152","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u00d8yvind","family":"Sandbakk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Sport Science UiT The Artic University of Norway  Troms\u00f8 Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4924-1561","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Schiemann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Exercise, Sport and Health Leuphana 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